{"id":113189,"date":"2021-09-03T09:34:18","date_gmt":"2021-09-03T08:34:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/que-es-la-capa-de-valor-medio-rayos-x-definicion\/"},"modified":"2021-09-03T09:34:18","modified_gmt":"2021-09-03T08:34:18","slug":"que-es-la-capa-de-valor-medio-rayos-x-definicion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/es\/que-es-la-capa-de-valor-medio-rayos-x-definicion\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la capa de valor medio? &#8211; Rayos X &#8211; Definici\u00f3n"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\"><div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"> La capa de valor medio expresa el espesor del material absorbente necesario para reducir la intensidad de la radiaci\u00f3n incidente en un factor de dos.\u00a0Capa de valor medio: rayos X <\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><strong><span>Los rayos X<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, tambi\u00e9n conocidos como\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>radiaci\u00f3n X<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, se refieren a la radiaci\u00f3n electromagn\u00e9tica (sin masa en reposo, sin carga) de altas energ\u00edas.\u00a0Los rayos X son\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/\"><span>fotones de<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0alta energ\u00eda\u00a0con longitudes de onda cortas y, por lo tanto, de muy alta frecuencia.\u00a0La frecuencia de radiaci\u00f3n es un par\u00e1metro clave de todos los fotones, porque determina la energ\u00eda de un fot\u00f3n.\u00a0Los fotones se clasifican seg\u00fan las energ\u00edas, desde las ondas de radio de baja energ\u00eda y la radiaci\u00f3n infrarroja, pasando por la luz visible, hasta los rayos X de alta energ\u00eda y\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\"><span>los rayos gamma<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>La mayor\u00eda de los rayos X tienen una longitud de onda que var\u00eda de 0,01 a 10 nan\u00f3metros (3 \u00d7 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>16<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0Hz a 3 \u00d7 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>19<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0Hz), lo que corresponde a energ\u00edas en el rango de 100 eV a 100 keV.\u00a0Las longitudes de onda de los rayos X son m\u00e1s cortas que las de los rayos UV y, por lo general, m\u00e1s largas que las de los rayos gamma.\u00a0La distinci\u00f3n entre rayos X y rayos gamma no es tan simple y ha cambiado en las \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas.\u00a0Seg\u00fan la definici\u00f3n actualmente v\u00e1lida, los\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>rayos X son emitidos por electrones<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0fuera del n\u00facleo, mientras que\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>los rayos gamma son emitidos por el n\u00facleo<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Capa de valor medio<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/half-value-layers.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-12757\" src=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/half-value-layers-291x300.png\" alt=\"capa de valor medio\" width=\"291\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><span>La capa de valor medio expresa el espesor del material absorbente necesario para reducir la intensidad de la radiaci\u00f3n incidente en un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>factor de dos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Hay dos caracter\u00edsticas principales de la capa de valor medio:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>La\u00a0<\/span><b><span>capa de valor medio<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0disminuye a medida que aumenta el n\u00famero at\u00f3mico del absorbente.\u00a0Por ejemplo, se necesitan 35 m de aire para reducir la intensidad de un haz de rayos X de 100 keV en un factor de dos, mientras que solo 0,12 mm de plomo pueden hacer lo mismo.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>La\u00a0<\/span><b><span>capa de valor medio<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0para todos los materiales aumenta con la energ\u00eda de los rayos X.\u00a0Por ejemplo, desde 0,26 cm para hierro a 100 keV hasta aproximadamente 0,64 cm a 200 keV.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span>Capa de valor medio &#8211; Ejemplo:<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>\u00bfCu\u00e1nta filtraci\u00f3n de agua necesita si desea reducir la intensidad de un\u00a0haz de rayos X\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>monoenerg\u00e9tico de<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0100 keV\u00a0(\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>haz estrecho<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) al\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>1%<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de su intensidad incidente?\u00a0La capa de valor medio para rayos X de 100 keV en agua es 4,15 cm y el coeficiente de atenuaci\u00f3n lineal para rayos X de 100 keV en agua es 0,167 cm\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-1<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0.\u00a0El problema es bastante simple y se puede describir con la siguiente ecuaci\u00f3n:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/x-ray-attenuation-equation.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25213\" src=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/x-ray-attenuation-equation.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"116\" height=\"62\" \/><\/a><span>Si la capa de valor medio para el agua es 4.15 cm, el coeficiente de atenuaci\u00f3n lineal es:<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/linear-attenuation-example.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25212\" src=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/linear-attenuation-example.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"196\" height=\"63\" \/><\/a><span>Ahora podemos usar la ecuaci\u00f3n de atenuaci\u00f3n exponencial:<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/x-ray-attenuation-problem-with-solution.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25211\" src=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/x-ray-attenuation-problem-with-solution.png\" alt=\"atenuaci\u00f3n de rayos X: problema con la soluci\u00f3n\" width=\"238\" height=\"225\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Entonces, el espesor de agua requerido es de aproximadamente\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>27,58 cm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Este es un espesor relativamente grande y es causado por peque\u00f1os n\u00fameros at\u00f3micos de hidr\u00f3geno y ox\u00edgeno.\u00a0Si calculamos el mismo problema para el\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>plomo (Pb)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, obtenemos el espesor\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>x = 0.077 cm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>&amp; nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><strong><span>Capas de valor medio<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Tabla de Capas de Valor Medio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(en cm) para diferentes materiales a energ\u00edas fot\u00f3nicas de 100, 200 y 500 keV.<\/span><\/p>\n<table rules=\"rows\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span>Amortiguador<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>100 keV<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>200 keV<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>500 keV<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span>Aire<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>3555 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>4359 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>6189 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span>Agua<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>4,15 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>5,1 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>7,15 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span>Carb\u00f3n<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>2,07 cent\u00edmetros<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>2,53 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>3,54 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span>Aluminio<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>1,59 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>2,14 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>3,05 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span>Planchar<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>0,26 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>0,64 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>1,06 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span>Cobre<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>0,18 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>0,53 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>0,95 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span>Dirigir<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>\u00a00,012 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>\u00a00,068 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>\u00a00,42 cm<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"> <div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-arrow\" data-anchor=\"References\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>References:<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p><strong><span>Protecci\u00f3n de radiaci\u00f3n:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span>Knoll, Glenn F., Detecci\u00f3n y medici\u00f3n de radiaci\u00f3n, cuarta edici\u00f3n, Wiley, 8\/2010.\u00a0ISBN-13: 978-0470131480.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Stabin, Michael G., Protecci\u00f3n radiol\u00f3gica y dosimetr\u00eda: Introducci\u00f3n a la f\u00edsica de la salud, Springer, 10\/2010.\u00a0ISBN-13: 978-1441923912.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Martin, James E., F\u00edsica para la protecci\u00f3n radiol\u00f3gica, tercera edici\u00f3n, Wiley-VCH, 4\/2013.\u00a0ISBN-13: 978-3527411764.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>USNRC, CONCEPTOS DE REACTORES NUCLEARES<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Departamento de Energ\u00eda, F\u00edsica Nuclear y Teor\u00eda de Reactores de EE. UU.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volumen 1 y 2. Enero de 1993.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong><span>F\u00edsica nuclear y de reactores:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span>JR Lamarsh, Introducci\u00f3n a la teor\u00eda de los reactores nucleares, 2\u00aa ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>JR Lamarsh, AJ Baratta, Introducci\u00f3n a la ingenier\u00eda nuclear, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>WM Stacey, F\u00edsica de reactores nucleares, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0-471-39127-1.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Glasstone, Sesonske.\u00a0Ingenier\u00eda de Reactores Nucleares: Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas de Reactores, Springer;\u00a04a edici\u00f3n, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>WSC Williams.\u00a0F\u00edsica nuclear y de part\u00edculas.\u00a0Prensa de Clarendon;\u00a01 edici\u00f3n, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>GRKeepin.\u00a0F\u00edsica de la cin\u00e9tica nuclear.\u00a0Addison-Wesley Pub.\u00a0Co;\u00a01a edici\u00f3n, 1965<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Robert Reed Burn, Introducci\u00f3n a la operaci\u00f3n de reactores nucleares, 1988.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Departamento de Energ\u00eda, F\u00edsica Nuclear y Teor\u00eda de Reactores de EE. UU.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volumen 1 y 2. Enero de 1993.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Paul Reuss, F\u00edsica de neutrones.\u00a0EDP \u200b\u200bSciences, 2008. ISBN: 978-2759800414.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"> <\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Ver tambi\u00e9n:<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Rayos X <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/x-rays-roentgen-radiation\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:# 606060;background-color:# ffffff;border-color:# ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:# 606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:# ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px # 000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px # 000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px # 000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:# 5d5d5d\"><\/i>  <\/span><\/a> [ \/ lgc_column] <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div> <\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Esperamos que este art\u00edculo,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Half Value Layer &#8211; Rayos X<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, le ayude.\u00a0Si es as\u00ed,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>danos un me gusta<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0en la barra lateral.\u00a0El objetivo principal de este sitio web es ayudar al p\u00fablico a conocer informaci\u00f3n importante e interesante sobre los materiales y sus propiedades.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Los rayos X\u00a0, tambi\u00e9n conocidos como\u00a0radiaci\u00f3n X\u00a0, se refieren a la radiaci\u00f3n electromagn\u00e9tica (sin masa en reposo, sin carga) de altas energ\u00edas.\u00a0Los rayos X son\u00a0fotones de\u00a0alta energ\u00eda\u00a0con longitudes de onda cortas y, por lo tanto, de muy alta frecuencia.\u00a0La frecuencia de radiaci\u00f3n es un par\u00e1metro clave de todos los fotones, porque determina la energ\u00eda de &#8230; <a title=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la capa de valor medio? &#8211; Rayos X &#8211; Definici\u00f3n\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/es\/que-es-la-capa-de-valor-medio-rayos-x-definicion\/\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la capa de valor medio? - Rayos X - Definici\u00f3n<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La capa de valor medio expresa el espesor del material absorbente necesario para reducir la intensidad de la radiaci\u00f3n incidente en un factor de dos. 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