{"id":116275,"date":"2022-05-11T19:30:21","date_gmt":"2022-05-11T18:30:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/types-de-superalliages-definition\/"},"modified":"2022-05-20T06:53:25","modified_gmt":"2022-05-20T05:53:25","slug":"types-de-superalliages-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/fr\/types-de-superalliages-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Types de superalliages &#8211; D\u00e9finition"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\"><div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Il existe trois cat\u00e9gories principales qui sont conjointement appel\u00e9es superalliages comme mentionn\u00e9 dans cet article.\u00a0Types de superalliages.\u00a0Ces alliages sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement utilis\u00e9s \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 450 \u00b0C<\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/superalloys-inconel-turbine-blade.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-29330\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/superalloys-inconel-turbine-blade-169x300.png\" alt=\"superalliages - inconel - aube de turbine\" width=\"169\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><span>Les superalliages<\/span><\/strong><span>, ou\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>alliages hautes performances<\/span><\/strong><span>, sont des alliages non ferreux qui pr\u00e9sentent une\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/metals-what-are-metals\/steels-properties-of-steels\/strength-of-steels\/\"><span>r\u00e9sistance<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0et une stabilit\u00e9 de surface exceptionnelles\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e0 haute temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 fonctionner en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e0 une fraction \u00e9lev\u00e9e de leur point de fusion (jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 85 % de leurs points de fusion (T<\/span><sub><span>m<\/span><\/sub><span>) exprim\u00e9s en degr\u00e9s Kelvin, 0,85) est leur principale caract\u00e9ristique.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Les superalliages<\/span><\/strong><span> sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement utilis\u00e9s \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 540 \u00b0C (1000 \u00b0F), car \u00e0 ces temp\u00e9ratures, les alliages d&rsquo;acier et de titane ordinaires perdent leurs forces, la corrosion est \u00e9galement courante dans les aciers \u00e0 cette temp\u00e9rature. A haute temp\u00e9rature, les superalliages conservent leur r\u00e9sistance m\u00e9canique, leur r\u00e9sistance au\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/creep-material-creep\/\"><strong><span>fluage thermique<\/span><\/strong><\/a> <span>d\u00e9formation, stabilit\u00e9 de surface et r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la corrosion ou \u00e0 l&rsquo;oxydation.\u00a0Certains superalliages \u00e0 base de nickel peuvent r\u00e9sister \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 1200 \u00b0C, selon la composition de l&rsquo;alliage. Les superalliages sont souvent coul\u00e9s sous forme de monocristal, tandis que les joints de grains peuvent fournir de la r\u00e9sistance, ils diminuent la r\u00e9sistance au fluage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 initialement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s pour \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s dans les turbocompresseurs de moteurs \u00e0 pistons d&rsquo;avions.\u00a0Aujourd&rsquo;hui, l&rsquo;application la plus courante concerne\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>les composants de turbines d&rsquo;avions<\/span><\/strong><span>, qui doivent r\u00e9sister \u00e0 une exposition \u00e0 des environnements fortement oxydants et \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures \u00e9lev\u00e9es pendant des p\u00e9riodes de temps raisonnables.\u00a0Les applications actuelles incluent:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Turbines \u00e0 gaz pour avions<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Centrales \u00e9lectriques \u00e0 turbine \u00e0 vapeur<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Applications m\u00e9dicales<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>V\u00e9hicules spatiaux et moteurs de fus\u00e9e<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>\u00c9quipement de traitement thermique<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Centrales nucl\u00e9aires<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span>Le nickel<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9ment de base des superalliages, qui sont un groupe d&rsquo;alliages de nickel, de fer-nickel et de cobalt utilis\u00e9s dans les moteurs \u00e0 r\u00e9action.\u00a0Ces m\u00e9taux ont une excellente r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la d\u00e9formation par fluage thermique et conservent leur rigidit\u00e9, leur r\u00e9sistance, leur t\u00e9nacit\u00e9 et leur stabilit\u00e9 dimensionnelle \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures beaucoup plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es que les autres mat\u00e9riaux de structure a\u00e9rospatiaux.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Superalloy-Inconel-718-composition.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29153\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Superalloy-Inconel-718-composition.png\" alt=\"Inconel 718\" width=\"680\" height=\"91\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span>Types de superalliages<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Il existe trois cat\u00e9gories principales qui sont conjointement appel\u00e9es superalliages, comme mentionn\u00e9 ci-dessous.\u00a0Ils poss\u00e8dent un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 d&rsquo;insensibilit\u00e9 ou de stabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature et sont largement utilis\u00e9s comme mat\u00e9riaux de base pour les applications \u00e0 haute temp\u00e9rature.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Superalliages \u00e0 base de nickel<\/span><\/strong><span>. Les superalliages \u00e0 base de nickel constituent actuellement plus de 50 % du poids des moteurs d&rsquo;avions avanc\u00e9s. Les superalliages \u00e0 base de nickel comprennent les alliages renforc\u00e9s en solution solide et les alliages durcissables par vieillissement. Les alliages durcissables par vieillissement consistent en une matrice aust\u00e9nitique (fcc) dispers\u00e9e avec pr\u00e9cipitation coh\u00e9rente d&rsquo;un Ni<\/span><sub><span>3 <\/span><\/sub><span>(Al,Ti) interm\u00e9tallique de structure fcc.\u00a0Les superalliages \u00e0 base de Ni sont des alliages avec du nickel en tant qu&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9ment d&rsquo;alliage principal qui sont pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s comme mat\u00e9riau de lame dans les applications d\u00e9crites pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment, plut\u00f4t que des superalliages \u00e0 base de Co ou de Fe.\u00a0Ce qui est important pour les superalliages \u00e0 base de Ni, c&rsquo;est leur r\u00e9sistance \u00e9lev\u00e9e, leur r\u00e9sistance au fluage et \u00e0 la corrosion \u00e0 haute temp\u00e9rature.\u00a0Il est courant de couler des aubes de turbine sous forme solidifi\u00e9e directionnellement ou sous forme monocristalline.\u00a0Les aubes monocristallines sont principalement utilis\u00e9es dans la premi\u00e8re rang\u00e9e de l&rsquo;\u00e9tage de turbine.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Fer \u2013 Superalliages \u00e0 base de nickel<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Les superalliages \u00e0 base de Fe ont montr\u00e9 une r\u00e9sistance au fluage et \u00e0 l&rsquo;oxydation similaire \u00e0 celle des superalliages \u00e0 base de Ni, tout en \u00e9tant beaucoup moins co\u00fbteux \u00e0 produire.\u00a0La classe la plus importante de ce groupe sont les alliages qui sont renforc\u00e9s par une pr\u00e9cipitation de compos\u00e9 interm\u00e9tallique dans une matrice FCC.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Superalliages \u00e0 base de cobalt<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Cette classe d&rsquo;alliages est relativement nouvelle.\u00a0En 2006, Sato et al.\u00a0d\u00e9couvert une nouvelle phase dans le syst\u00e8me Co\u2013Al\u2013W.\u00a0Contrairement aux autres superalliages, les alliages \u00e0 base de cobalt se caract\u00e9risent par une matrice aust\u00e9nitique renforc\u00e9e en solution solide (fcc) dans laquelle une faible quantit\u00e9 de carbure est distribu\u00e9e.\u00a0Bien qu&rsquo;ils ne soient pas utilis\u00e9s commercialement dans la mesure des superalliages \u00e0 base de Ni, les \u00e9l\u00e9ments d&rsquo;alliage trouv\u00e9s dans les alliages \u00e0 base de Co de recherche sont C, Cr, W, Ni, Ti, Al, Ir et Ta.\u00a0Ils poss\u00e8dent une meilleure soudabilit\u00e9 et une meilleure r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la fatigue thermique par rapport \u00e0 l&rsquo;alliage \u00e0 base de nickel.\u00a0De plus, ils ont une excellente r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la corrosion \u00e0 haute temp\u00e9rature (980-1100 \u00b0C) en raison de leur teneur en chrome plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Ces alliages sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement utilis\u00e9s \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 450 \u00b0C, car \u00e0 ces temp\u00e9ratures, les aciers ordinaires et les alliages de titane perdent leurs r\u00e9sistances, la corrosion est \u00e9galement courante dans les aciers \u00e0 cette temp\u00e9rature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span><div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences :<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Science des mat\u00e9riaux:<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>D\u00e9partement am\u00e9ricain de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie, science des mat\u00e9riaux.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. Janvier 1993.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>US Department of Energy, Material Science.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 et 2. Janvier 1993.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>William D. Callister, David G. Rethwisch.\u00a0Science et g\u00e9nie des mat\u00e9riaux : une introduction 9e \u00e9dition, Wiley ;\u00a09 \u00e9dition (4 d\u00e9cembre 2013), ISBN-13\u00a0: 978-1118324578.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>En ligneEberhart, Mark (2003).\u00a0Pourquoi les choses se cassent\u00a0: Comprendre le monde par la mani\u00e8re dont il se d\u00e9compose.\u00a0Harmonie.\u00a0ISBN 978-1-4000-4760-4.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Gaskell, David R. (1995).\u00a0Introduction \u00e0 la thermodynamique des mat\u00e9riaux (4e \u00e9d.).\u00a0\u00c9ditions Taylor et Francis.\u00a0ISBN 978-1-56032-992-3.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Gonz\u00e1lez-Vi\u00f1as, W. &amp; Mancini, HL (2004).\u00a0Une introduction \u00e0 la science des mat\u00e9riaux.\u00a0Presse universitaire de Princeton.\u00a0ISBN 978-0-691-07097-1.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Ashby, Michael;\u00a0Hugh Shercliff;\u00a0David Cebon (2007).\u00a0Mat\u00e9riaux: ing\u00e9nierie, science, traitement et conception (1\u00e8re \u00e9d.).\u00a0Butterworth-Heinemann.\u00a0ISBN 978-0-7506-8391-3.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>JR Lamarsh, AJ Baratta, Introduction au g\u00e9nie nucl\u00e9aire, 3e \u00e9d., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN : 0-201-82498-1.<\/span><br \/>\n<span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-default\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span>Voir ci-dessus:<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Superalliages<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/metals-what-are-metals\/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys\/superalloys\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><img src=\"icon : lien\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" \/> <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nous esp\u00e9rons que cet article,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Types de superalliages<\/span><\/strong><span>, vous aidera.\u00a0Si oui,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>donnez-nous un like<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dans la barre lat\u00e9rale.\u00a0L&rsquo;objectif principal de ce site Web est d&rsquo;aider le public \u00e0 apprendre des informations int\u00e9ressantes et importantes sur les mat\u00e9riaux et leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nous esp\u00e9rons que cet article,\u00a0Types de superalliages, vous aidera.\u00a0Si oui,\u00a0donnez-nous un like\u00a0dans la barre lat\u00e9rale.\u00a0L&rsquo;objectif principal de ce site Web est d&rsquo;aider le public \u00e0 apprendre des informations int\u00e9ressantes et importantes sur les mat\u00e9riaux et leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Types de superalliages - D\u00e9finition | Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s mat\u00e9rielles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Il existe trois cat\u00e9gories principales qui sont conjointement appel\u00e9es superalliages comme mentionn\u00e9 dans cet article. 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