{"id":116849,"date":"2022-05-24T22:07:56","date_gmt":"2022-05-24T21:07:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/quest-ce-que-la-contrainte-definition\/"},"modified":"2022-05-26T06:13:26","modified_gmt":"2022-05-26T05:13:26","slug":"quest-ce-que-la-contrainte-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-contrainte-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu&rsquo;est-ce que la contrainte &#8211; D\u00e9finition"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\"><div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">En science des mat\u00e9riaux, la d\u00e9formation est \u00e9galement une variable tr\u00e8s importante, puisqu&rsquo;elle d\u00e9finit la d\u00e9formation d&rsquo;un objet.\u00a0Les d\u00e9formations sont un indicateur direct de d\u00e9formation.<\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span>En science des mat\u00e9riaux,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>la d\u00e9formation<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est \u00e9galement une variable tr\u00e8s importante, car elle d\u00e9finit la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>d\u00e9formation<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0d&rsquo;un objet.\u00a0Contrairement au\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/strength\/what-is-stress-in-materials-science\/\"><span>stress<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0dans un objet, que vous ne pouvez pas r\u00e9ellement voir, la d\u00e9formation est une quantit\u00e9 visible et mesurable.\u00a0Lorsque vous tirez sur une tige de tension, vous pouvez voir la tige augmenter physiquement en longueur (ou s&rsquo;allonger).\u00a0Lorsque vous pliez une poutre, vous la voyez se courber.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Les d\u00e9formations<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sont un indicateur direct de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>d\u00e9formation<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Le comportement m\u00e9canique des solides est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement d\u00e9fini par\u00a0<\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/what-is-stress-strain-curve-stress-strain-diagram-definition\/\"><span>des relations constitutives contrainte-d\u00e9formation<\/span><\/a><span>. <\/span><\/b><span>Lorsqu&rsquo;un m\u00e9tal est soumis \u00e0 une charge (force), il est d\u00e9form\u00e9 ou d\u00e9form\u00e9, quelle que soit la force du m\u00e9tal ou la l\u00e9g\u00e8ret\u00e9 de la charge.\u00a0Si la charge est faible, la distorsion dispara\u00eetra probablement lorsque la charge sera retir\u00e9e.\u00a0Un tel changement dimensionnel proportionnel (intensit\u00e9 ou degr\u00e9 de distorsion) est appel\u00e9\u00a0<\/span><b><span>d\u00e9formation<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0et est mesur\u00e9 comme la d\u00e9formation totale (allongement) par longueur de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de mat\u00e9riau due \u00e0 une certaine contrainte appliqu\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/strain-mechanics.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27621\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/strain-mechanics.png\" alt=\"souche - d\u00e9finition\" width=\"245\" height=\"189\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>En m\u00e9canique des mat\u00e9riaux, on peut d\u00e9finir deux types fondamentaux de d\u00e9formation:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><span>Souches normales<\/span><\/b><span>.\u00a0Une d\u00e9formation normale r\u00e9sulte d&rsquo;une contrainte de traction et est une d\u00e9formation calcul\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de d\u00e9placements relatifs mesur\u00e9s perpendiculairement \u00e0 deux plans de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence.\u00a0Les d\u00e9formations normales mesurent le mouvement perpendiculaire relatif d&rsquo;un plan de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence par rapport \u00e0 un autre.\u00a0Le symbole de la d\u00e9formation normale est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement le symbole grec minuscule epsilon (\u03b5).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><span>D\u00e9formations de cisaillement.\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span>Une d\u00e9formation de cisaillement r\u00e9sulte d&rsquo;une contrainte de cisaillement et c&rsquo;est une d\u00e9formation calcul\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de d\u00e9placements relatifs mesur\u00e9s parall\u00e8lement \u00e0 deux plans de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence.\u00a0Les d\u00e9formations de cisaillement mesurent le mouvement parall\u00e8le relatif d&rsquo;un plan de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence par rapport \u00e0 un autre.\u00a0Le symbole de la d\u00e9formation de cisaillement est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement le symbole grec minuscule gamma (\u03b3).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span>D\u00e9formation<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span>La d\u00e9formation est une mesure de la fa\u00e7on dont un objet se d\u00e9forme par rapport \u00e0 ses dimensions ou sa taille d&rsquo;origine dans une direction donn\u00e9e.\u00a0Selon la d\u00e9formation que vous mesurez, vous pouvez calculer diff\u00e9rents types de d\u00e9formation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/strain-definition-mechanics.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27821\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/strain-definition-mechanics.png\" alt=\"d\u00e9formation - d\u00e9finition - m\u00e9canique\" width=\"355\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Une d\u00e9formation est appel\u00e9e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>d\u00e9formation \u00e9lastique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, si la contrainte est une fonction lin\u00e9aire de la d\u00e9formation.\u00a0En d&rsquo;autres termes, le stress et la d\u00e9formation suivent\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/what-is-hookes-law-definition\/\"><strong><span>la loi de Hooke<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>.\u00a0Au-del\u00e0 de la r\u00e9gion lin\u00e9aire, la contrainte et la d\u00e9formation pr\u00e9sentent un comportement non lin\u00e9aire.\u00a0Ce comportement in\u00e9lastique est appel\u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>d\u00e9formation plastique<\/span><\/strong><span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hookes-law-stress-strain-curve.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-27801\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hookes-law-stress-strain-curve-300x276.png\" alt=\"la loi de Hooke\" width=\"300\" height=\"276\" \/><\/a><span>D\u00e9formation \u00e9lastique<\/span><\/b><span>.\u00a0La d\u00e9formation \u00e9lastique et la d\u00e9formation \u00e9lastique sont un changement dimensionnel transitoire qui n&rsquo;existe que lorsque la contrainte initiale est appliqu\u00e9e et dispara\u00eet imm\u00e9diatement lors de la suppression de la contrainte.\u00a0Lorsqu&rsquo;un m\u00e9tal est soumis \u00e0 une charge (force), il est d\u00e9form\u00e9 ou d\u00e9form\u00e9, quelle que soit la force du m\u00e9tal ou la l\u00e9g\u00e8ret\u00e9 de la charge.\u00a0Cette d\u00e9formation peut \u00eatre permanente ou non.\u00a0Jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 une contrainte limite, une caisse pourra retrouver ses dimensions au retrait de la charge.\u00a0Les contraintes appliqu\u00e9es font que les atomes d&rsquo;un cristal se d\u00e9placent de leur position d&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre.\u00a0Tous les atomes sont d\u00e9plac\u00e9s de la m\u00eame quantit\u00e9 et conservent toujours leur g\u00e9om\u00e9trie relative.\u00a0Lorsque les contraintes sont supprim\u00e9es, tous les atomes reviennent \u00e0 leur position d&rsquo;origine et aucune d\u00e9formation permanente ne se produit.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><span>D\u00e9formation plastique.\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span>La d\u00e9formation plastique et la d\u00e9formation plastique sont un changement dimensionnel qui ne dispara\u00eet pas lorsque la contrainte initiale est supprim\u00e9e.\u00a0Cela se produit, si la charge limite est d\u00e9pass\u00e9e, le corps subira une d\u00e9formation permanente lors du retrait de la charge.\u00a0La d\u00e9formation plastique se produit dans les corps mat\u00e9riels apr\u00e8s que les contraintes ont atteint une certaine valeur seuil connue sous le nom de limite d&rsquo;\u00a0<\/span><b><span>\u00e9lasticit\u00e9<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0ou\u00a0<\/span><b><span>limite d&rsquo;\u00e9lasticit\u00e9<\/span><\/b><span>, et sont le r\u00e9sultat de m\u00e9canismes de\u00a0<\/span><b><span>glissement<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0ou de\u00a0<\/span><b><span>dislocation<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0au niveau atomique.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Stress-strain-curve-permanent-deformation.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-27802\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Stress-strain-curve-permanent-deformation-300x287.png\" alt=\"d\u00e9formation permanente\" width=\"300\" height=\"287\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span><div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>References :<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><strong><span>Science des mat\u00e9riaux:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span>D\u00e9partement am\u00e9ricain de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie, science des mat\u00e9riaux.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 et 2. Janvier 1993.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>D\u00e9partement am\u00e9ricain de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie, science des mat\u00e9riaux.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 et 2. Janvier 1993.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>William D. Callister, David G. Rethwisch.\u00a0Science et g\u00e9nie des mat\u00e9riaux : une introduction 9e \u00e9dition, Wiley ;\u00a09 \u00e9dition (4 d\u00e9cembre 2013), ISBN-13\u00a0: 978-1118324578.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>En ligneEberhart, Mark (2003).\u00a0Pourquoi les choses se cassent\u00a0: Comprendre le monde par la mani\u00e8re dont il se d\u00e9compose.\u00a0Harmonie.\u00a0ISBN 978-1-4000-4760-4.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Gaskell, David R. (1995).\u00a0Introduction \u00e0 la thermodynamique des mat\u00e9riaux (4e \u00e9d.).\u00a0\u00c9ditions Taylor et Francis.\u00a0ISBN 978-1-56032-992-3.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Gonzalez-Vi\u00f1as, W. &amp; Mancini, HL (2004).\u00a0Une introduction \u00e0 la science des mat\u00e9riaux.\u00a0Presse universitaire de Princeton.\u00a0ISBN 978-0-691-07097-1<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Ashby, Michael;\u00a0Hugh Shercliff;\u00a0David Cebon (2007).\u00a0Mat\u00e9riaux: ing\u00e9nierie, science, traitement et conception (1\u00e8re \u00e9d.).\u00a0Butterworth-Heinemann.\u00a0ISBN 978-0-7506-8391-3.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>JR Lamarsh, AJ Baratta, Introduction au g\u00e9nie nucl\u00e9aire, 3e \u00e9d., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN : 0-201-82498-1.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-default\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Voir au dessus:<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Force<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/strength\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><img src=\"icon : lien\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" \/> <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nous esp\u00e9rons que cet article,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Souche<\/span><\/strong><span>, vous aide.\u00a0Si oui,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>donnez-nous un like<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dans la barre lat\u00e9rale.\u00a0L&rsquo;objectif principal de ce site Web est d&rsquo;aider le public \u00e0 apprendre des informations int\u00e9ressantes et importantes sur les mat\u00e9riaux et leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nous esp\u00e9rons que cet article,\u00a0Souche, vous aide.\u00a0Si oui,\u00a0donnez-nous un like\u00a0dans la barre lat\u00e9rale.\u00a0L&rsquo;objectif principal de ce site Web est d&rsquo;aider le public \u00e0 apprendre des informations int\u00e9ressantes et importantes sur les mat\u00e9riaux et leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Qu&#039;est-ce que la souche - D\u00e9finition | Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s mat\u00e9rielles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"En science des mat\u00e9riaux, la d\u00e9formation est \u00e9galement une variable tr\u00e8s importante, car elle d\u00e9finit la d\u00e9formation d&#039;un objet. 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