{"id":116949,"date":"2022-05-25T15:49:54","date_gmt":"2022-05-25T14:49:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/quest-ce-que-crystal-lattice-definition\/"},"modified":"2022-05-31T06:27:38","modified_gmt":"2022-05-31T05:27:38","slug":"quest-ce-que-crystal-lattice-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-crystal-lattice-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu&rsquo;est-ce que Crystal Lattice &#8211; D\u00e9finition"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\"><div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Un r\u00e9seau cristallin est un motif r\u00e9p\u00e9titif de points math\u00e9matiques qui s&rsquo;\u00e9tend dans tout l&rsquo;espace.\u00a0Il existe 14 types g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de ces mod\u00e8les connus sous le nom de r\u00e9seaux de Bravais.<\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span>Certaines des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des solides cristallins d\u00e9pendent de la\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/crystal-structure-of-chemical-elements\/\"><strong><span>structure cristalline<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0du mat\u00e9riau, de la mani\u00e8re dont les atomes, les ions ou les mol\u00e9cules sont dispos\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;espace.\u00a0Un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>r\u00e9seau cristallin<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est un motif r\u00e9p\u00e9titif de points math\u00e9matiques qui s&rsquo;\u00e9tend dans tout l&rsquo;espace.\u00a0Les forces de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/atomic-and-chemical-bond\/\"><span>la liaison chimique<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0provoquent cette r\u00e9p\u00e9tition.\u00a0C&rsquo;est ce motif r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9 qui contr\u00f4le les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s telles que\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>la r\u00e9sistance<\/span><\/strong><span>, la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ductilit\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><span>, la\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/density-of-chemical-elements\/\"><strong><span>densit\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>, la\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/thermal-conductivity-of-chemical-elements\/\"><strong><span>conductivit\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0(propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de conduire ou de transmettre la chaleur, l&rsquo;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, etc.) et\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>la forme<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Il existe 14 types g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de tels motifs connus sous le nom de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>r\u00e9seaux de Bravais<\/span><\/strong><span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Trois structures cristallines relativement simples se retrouvent pour la plupart des m\u00e9taux courants:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<figure id=\"attachment_27612\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27612\" style=\"width: 357px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/crystal-structure-lattice.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-27612\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/crystal-structure-lattice.png\" alt=\"structure cristalline - r\u00e9seau\" width=\"367\" height=\"370\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27612\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Source: D\u00e9partement am\u00e9ricain de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie, Science des mat\u00e9riaux. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 et 2. Janvier 1993.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><span>Cubique centr\u00e9 sur le corps &#8211; bcc.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>Dans un arrangement d&rsquo;atomes cubique centr\u00e9 sur le corps (bcc), la cellule unitaire se compose de huit atomes aux coins d&rsquo;un cube et d&rsquo;un atome au centre du corps du cube.\u00a0Dans un arrangement bcc, une cellule unitaire contient (8 atomes de coin \u00d7 \u215b) + (1 atome central \u00d7 1) = 2 atomes.\u00a0Le garnissage est plus efficace (68%) que le simple cubique et la structure est courante pour les m\u00e9taux alcalins et les m\u00e9taux de transition pr\u00e9coce.\u00a0Les m\u00e9taux contenant des structures BCC comprennent la ferrite, le chrome, le vanadium, le molybd\u00e8ne et le tungst\u00e8ne.\u00a0Ces m\u00e9taux poss\u00e8dent une r\u00e9sistance \u00e9lev\u00e9e et une faible ductilit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Cubique \u00e0 faces centr\u00e9es &#8211; fcc.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>Dans un arrangement d&rsquo;atomes cubique \u00e0 faces centr\u00e9es (fcc), la cellule unitaire se compose de huit atomes aux coins d&rsquo;un cube et d&rsquo;un atome au centre de chacune des faces du cube.\u00a0Dans un arrangement fcc, une cellule unitaire contient (8 atomes de coin \u00d7 \u215b) + (6 atomes de face \u00d7 \u00bd) = 4 atomes.\u00a0Cette structure, avec son parent hexagonal (hcp), a le garnissage le plus efficace (74%).\u00a0Les m\u00e9taux contenant des structures FCC comprennent l&rsquo;aust\u00e9nite, l&rsquo;aluminium, le cuivre, le plomb, l&rsquo;argent, l&rsquo;or, le nickel, le platine et le thorium.\u00a0Ces m\u00e9taux poss\u00e8dent une faible r\u00e9sistance et une ductilit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Hexagonal Compact &#8211; hcp.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>Dans un arrangement d&rsquo;atomes hexagonal compact (hcp), la cellule unitaire est constitu\u00e9e de trois couches d&rsquo;atomes.\u00a0Les couches sup\u00e9rieure et inf\u00e9rieure contiennent six atomes aux coins d&rsquo;un hexagone et un atome au centre de chaque hexagone.\u00a0La couche interm\u00e9diaire contient trois atomes nich\u00e9s entre les atomes des couches sup\u00e9rieure et inf\u00e9rieure, d&rsquo;o\u00f9 le nom de compact.\u00a0Hexagonal Close Packed (hcp) est l&rsquo;un des deux types simples de garnissage atomique avec la densit\u00e9 la plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e, l&rsquo;autre \u00e9tant le cubique \u00e0 faces centr\u00e9es (fcc).\u00a0Cependant, contrairement au fcc, ce n&rsquo;est pas un r\u00e9seau de Bravais car il existe deux ensembles non \u00e9quivalents de points de r\u00e9seau.\u00a0Les m\u00e9taux contenant des structures HCP comprennent le b\u00e9ryllium, le magn\u00e9sium, le zinc, le cadmium, le cobalt, le thallium et le zirconium.\u00a0Les m\u00e9taux HCP ne sont pas aussi ductiles que les m\u00e9taux FCC.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span>Facteur de tassement atomique &#8211; APF<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>En cristallographie, <\/span><strong><span>le facteur de garnissage atomique (APF)<\/span><\/strong><span>, l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 de garnissage ou la fraction de garnissage est la somme des volumes de sph\u00e8re de tous les atomes dans une cellule unitaire (en supposant le mod\u00e8le de sph\u00e8re dure atomique) divis\u00e9 par le volume de la cellule unitaire.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/apf-atomic-packing-factor-formula.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27683\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/apf-atomic-packing-factor-formula.png\" alt=\"apf - facteur de tassement atomique\" width=\"463\" height=\"76\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Par convention, l&rsquo;APF est d\u00e9termin\u00e9 en supposant que les atomes sont des sph\u00e8res rigides.\u00a0Le rayon des sph\u00e8res est pris comme \u00e9tant la valeur maximale telle que les atomes ne se chevauchent pas.\u00a0En\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/\"><span>science des mat\u00e9riaux<\/span><\/a><span>, le facteur de garnissage atomique d&rsquo;une cellule unitaire explique de nombreuses propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des mat\u00e9riaux.\u00a0Par exemple, les m\u00e9taux avec un facteur de tassement atomique \u00e9lev\u00e9 auront une mall\u00e9abilit\u00e9 ou une ductilit\u00e9 plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e, similaire \u00e0 la fa\u00e7on dont une route est plus lisse lorsque les pierres sont plus proches les unes des autres, permettant aux atomes m\u00e9talliques de glisser plus facilement les uns sur les autres.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Par exemple, dans un arrangement fcc, une cellule unitaire contient (8 atomes de coin \u00d7 \u215b) + (6 atomes de face \u00d7 \u00bd) = 4 atomes.\u00a0Cette structure, avec son parent hexagonal (hcp), a le garnissage le plus efficace (74%).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span><div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>References :<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><strong><span>Science des mat\u00e9riaux:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span>D\u00e9partement am\u00e9ricain de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie, science des mat\u00e9riaux.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 et 2. Janvier 1993.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>D\u00e9partement am\u00e9ricain de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie, science des mat\u00e9riaux.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 et 2. Janvier 1993.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>William D. Callister, David G. Rethwisch.\u00a0Science et g\u00e9nie des mat\u00e9riaux : une introduction 9e \u00e9dition, Wiley ;\u00a09 \u00e9dition (4 d\u00e9cembre 2013), ISBN-13\u00a0: 978-1118324578.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>En ligneEberhart, Mark (2003).\u00a0Pourquoi les choses se cassent\u00a0: Comprendre le monde par la mani\u00e8re dont il se d\u00e9compose.\u00a0Harmonie.\u00a0ISBN 978-1-4000-4760-4.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Gaskell, David R. (1995).\u00a0Introduction \u00e0 la thermodynamique des mat\u00e9riaux (4e \u00e9d.).\u00a0\u00c9ditions Taylor et Francis.\u00a0ISBN 978-1-56032-992-3.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Gonzalez-Vi\u00f1as, W. &amp; Mancini, HL (2004).\u00a0Une introduction \u00e0 la science des mat\u00e9riaux.\u00a0Presse universitaire de Princeton.\u00a0ISBN 978-0-691-07097-1<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Ashby, Michael;\u00a0Hugh Shercliff;\u00a0David Cebon (2007).\u00a0Mat\u00e9riaux: ing\u00e9nierie, science, traitement et conception (1\u00e8re \u00e9d.).\u00a0Butterworth-Heinemann.\u00a0ISBN 978-0-7506-8391-3.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>JR Lamarsh, AJ Baratta, Introduction au g\u00e9nie nucl\u00e9aire, 3e \u00e9d., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN : 0-201-82498-1.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-default\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Voir au dessus:<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Structure cristalline<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/crystal-structures\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:20px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><img src=\"ic\u00f4ne : lien\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:20px;height:20px\" \/> <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nous esp\u00e9rons que cet article,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Crystal Lattice<\/span><\/strong><span>, vous aidera.\u00a0Si oui,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>donnez-nous un like<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dans la barre lat\u00e9rale.\u00a0L&rsquo;objectif principal de ce site Web est d&rsquo;aider le public \u00e0 apprendre des informations int\u00e9ressantes et importantes sur les mat\u00e9riaux et leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nous esp\u00e9rons que cet article,\u00a0Crystal Lattice, vous aidera.\u00a0Si oui,\u00a0donnez-nous un like\u00a0dans la barre lat\u00e9rale.\u00a0L&rsquo;objectif principal de ce site Web est d&rsquo;aider le public \u00e0 apprendre des informations int\u00e9ressantes et importantes sur les mat\u00e9riaux et leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Qu&#039;est-ce que Crystal Lattice - D\u00e9finition | Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s mat\u00e9rielles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Un r\u00e9seau cristallin est un motif r\u00e9p\u00e9titif de points math\u00e9matiques qui s&#039;\u00e9tend dans tout l&#039;espace. 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