{"id":116978,"date":"2022-05-26T00:23:41","date_gmt":"2022-05-25T23:23:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/quelle-est-la-force-fondamentale-de-la-nature-quatre-forces-fondamentales-definition\/"},"modified":"2022-05-31T09:53:39","modified_gmt":"2022-05-31T08:53:39","slug":"quelle-est-la-force-fondamentale-de-la-nature-quatre-forces-fondamentales-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/fr\/quelle-est-la-force-fondamentale-de-la-nature-quatre-forces-fondamentales-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Quelle est la force fondamentale de la nature &#8211; Quatre forces fondamentales &#8211; D\u00e9finition"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\"><div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Quatre forces fondamentales de la nature.\u00a0G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, ces forces r\u00e9gissent la fa\u00e7on dont les particules et aussi les objets macroscopiques interagissent et comment certaines particules se d\u00e9sint\u00e8grent.\u00a0Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des mat\u00e9riaux<\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span>En physique, les <\/span><strong><span>interactions fondamentales<\/span><\/strong><span>, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9es\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>forces fondamentales<\/span><\/strong><span>, sont des interactions entre particules \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires qui n&rsquo;apparaissent pas r\u00e9ductibles \u00e0 des interactions plus \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires.\u00a0Ces interactions r\u00e9gissent la fa\u00e7on dont les particules et aussi les objets macroscopiques interagissent et la fa\u00e7on dont certaines particules se d\u00e9sint\u00e8grent.\u00a0G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, elles peuvent \u00eatre class\u00e9es dans l&rsquo;une des <\/span><strong><span>quatre forces fondamentales<\/span><\/strong><span>:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Interaction forte &#8211; Force forte<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>L&rsquo; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces\/strong-interaction-strong-force\/\"><strong><span>interaction<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span> forte ou <\/span><strong><span>force forte<\/span><\/strong><span> est l&rsquo;une des <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces\/\"><span>quatre forces fondamentales<\/span><\/a><span> et implique l&rsquo;\u00e9change de bosons de jauge vecteur appel\u00e9s <\/span><strong><span>gluons<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, l&rsquo;\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>interaction forte<\/span><\/strong><span> est une interaction tr\u00e8s compliqu\u00e9e, car elle varie consid\u00e9rablement avec la distance.\u00a0La force nucl\u00e9aire forte maintient la plupart de la mati\u00e8re ordinaire ensemble parce qu&rsquo;elle confine\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/quarks\/\"><strong><span>les quarks<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span> dans des particules\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/hadrons\/\"><span>hadroniques<\/span><\/a><span> telles que le\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/what-is-proton-properties-of-proton\/\"><span>proton<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0et\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\"><span>le neutron<\/span><\/a><span>.\u00a0De plus, la force forte est la force qui peut maintenir un noyau ensemble contre les \u00e9normes forces de r\u00e9pulsion (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces\/electromagnetic-interaction-electromagnetic-force\/\"><span>force \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique<\/span><\/a><span>) des protons est en effet fort. De ce point de vue, il faut distinguer entre:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Force forte fondamentale.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>La force forte fondamentale, ou la force forte, est une force \u00e0 tr\u00e8s courte port\u00e9e (moins d&rsquo;environ 0,8 fm, le rayon d&rsquo;un nucl\u00e9on), qui agit <\/span><strong><span>directement entre les quarks<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Cette force\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>maintient les quarks ensemble<\/span><\/strong><span> pour former des protons, des neutrons et d&rsquo;autres particules hadroniques.\u00a0L&rsquo;interaction forte est m\u00e9di\u00e9e par l&rsquo;\u00e9change de particules sans masse appel\u00e9es gluons qui agissent entre les quarks, les antiquarks et d&rsquo;autres gluons.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Force forte r\u00e9siduelle.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>La force forte r\u00e9siduelle, \u00e9galement connue sous le nom de <\/span><strong><span>force nucl\u00e9aire<\/span><\/strong><span>, est une force \u00e0 tr\u00e8s courte port\u00e9e (environ 1 \u00e0 3 fm), qui agit pour <\/span><strong><span>maintenir ensemble les neutrons et les protons<\/span><\/strong><span> dans les noyaux. Dans les noyaux, cette force agit contre l&rsquo;\u00e9norme force \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique r\u00e9pulsive des protons. Le terme r\u00e9sidu est associ\u00e9 au fait, c&rsquo;est le r\u00e9sidu de l&rsquo;interaction forte fondamentale entre les quarks qui composent les protons et les neutrons. La force forte r\u00e9siduelle agit indirectement \u00e0 travers les\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>m\u00e9sons virtuels \u03c0 et \u03c1<\/span><\/strong><span>, qui transmettent la force entre les nucl\u00e9ons qui maintient le noyau ensemble.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Interaction faible \u2013 Force faible<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>L&rsquo; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces\/weak-interaction-weak-force\/\"><strong><span>interaction<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span> faible ou <\/span><strong><span>force faible<\/span><\/strong><span> est l&rsquo;une des <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces\/\"><span>quatre forces fondamentales<\/span><\/a><span> et implique l&rsquo;\u00e9change des bosons vecteurs interm\u00e9diaires, les W et les Z. Ces bosons \u00e9tant tr\u00e8s massifs (de l&rsquo;ordre de 80 GeV, le <\/span><strong><span>principe d&rsquo;incertitude<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0impose une gamme de environ 10<\/span><sup><span>-18<\/span><\/sup><span> m\u00e8tres, ce qui est inf\u00e9rieur au diam\u00e8tre d&rsquo;un proton, de sorte que l&rsquo;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>interaction faible<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0n&rsquo;a lieu qu&rsquo;\u00e0 de tr\u00e8s petites distances subatomiques.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>L&rsquo;interaction faible responsable de certains ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes nucl\u00e9aires tels que\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>la d\u00e9sint\u00e9gration b\u00eata<\/span><\/strong><span>, qui peut \u00eatre comprise en termes de force faible agissant sur les <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/quarks\/\"><span>quarks<\/span><\/a><span> \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur du <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\"><span>neutron<\/span><\/a><span>. L&rsquo;un des deux quarks down se transforme en un quark up en \u00e9mettant un boson W<\/span><sup><span>\u2013<\/span><\/sup><span> \u00a0(emporte une charge n\u00e9gative).\u00a0Le\u00a0\u00a0boson W- se d\u00e9sint\u00e8gre ensuite en une particule<\/span><sup><span>\u00a0<\/span><\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/\"><span>b\u00eata<\/span><\/a><span> et un\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/antineutrino\/\"><span>antineutrino<\/span><\/a><span>.\u00a0Ce processus est \u00e9quivalent au processus dans lequel un neutrino interagit avec un neutron.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/weak-interaction-weak-force-example.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-21460 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/weak-interaction-weak-force-example-1024x262.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/weak-interaction-weak-force-example-1024x262.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/weak-interaction-weak-force-example-300x77.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/weak-interaction-weak-force-example.png 1111w\" alt=\"interaction faible - force faible\" width=\"1024\" height=\"262\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/weak-interaction-weak-force-example-1024x262.png\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Interaction \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique \u2013 Force \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>La <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces\/electromagnetic-interaction-electromagnetic-force\/\"><strong><span>force \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span> est la force responsable de tous les processus \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tiques. Il agit entre des particules charg\u00e9es \u00e9lectriquement. C&rsquo;est une force \u00e0 port\u00e9e infinie, beaucoup\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>plus forte que la force gravitationnelle<\/span><\/strong><span>, ob\u00e9it \u00e0 la loi du carr\u00e9 inverse, mais ni l&rsquo;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 ni le magn\u00e9tisme ne s&rsquo;additionnent comme le fait la force gravitationnelle.\u00a0Puisqu&rsquo;il existe des charges positives et n\u00e9gatives (p\u00f4les), ces charges ont tendance \u00e0 s&rsquo;annuler.\u00a0L&rsquo;\u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tisme comprend la force \u00e9lectrostatique agissant entre les particules charg\u00e9es au repos et l&rsquo;effet combin\u00e9 des forces \u00e9lectriques et magn\u00e9tiques agissant entre les particules charg\u00e9es se d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant les unes par rapport aux autres.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Le <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/\"><span>photon<\/span><\/a><span>, le quantum du rayonnement \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique<\/span><\/strong><span>, est une particule \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire, qui est le porteur de force de la force \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Les photons sont des bosons de jauge<\/span><\/strong><span> n&rsquo;ayant ni charge \u00e9lectrique ni masse au repos et une unit\u00e9 de spin.\u00a0Le point commun \u00e0 tous les photons est\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>la vitesse de la lumi\u00e8re<\/span><\/strong><span>, la constante universelle de la physique.\u00a0Dans l&rsquo;espace vide, le photon se d\u00e9place \u00e0 c (<\/span><strong><span>la vitesse de la lumi\u00e8re \u2013 299 792 458 m\u00e8tres par seconde<\/span><\/strong><span>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Les forces entre les particules statiques charg\u00e9es \u00e9lectriquement sont r\u00e9gies par la <\/span><strong><span>loi de Coulomb<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>La loi de Coulomb<\/span><\/strong><span> peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e pour calculer la force entre des particules charg\u00e9es (par exemple deux protons).\u00a0La force \u00e9lectrostatique est directement proportionnelle aux charges \u00e9lectriques des deux particules et inversement proportionnelle au carr\u00e9 de la distance entre les particules.\u00a0La loi de Coulomb est \u00e9nonc\u00e9e comme l&rsquo;\u00e9quation suivante.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/electrostatic-force-equation.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23267 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/electrostatic-force-equation.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/electrostatic-force-equation.png 423w, https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/electrostatic-force-equation-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/electrostatic-force-equation-200x93.png 200w, https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/electrostatic-force-equation-400x185.png 400w\" alt=\"\" width=\"423\" height=\"196\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/electrostatic-force-equation.png\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>La loi de Coulomb et la force magn\u00e9tique sont r\u00e9sum\u00e9es dans la loi de force de Lorentz.\u00a0Fondamentalement, les forces magn\u00e9tiques et \u00e9lectriques sont des manifestations d&rsquo;une force d&rsquo;\u00e9change impliquant l&rsquo;\u00e9change de photons.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>La force \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique joue un r\u00f4le majeur dans la d\u00e9termination des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s internes de la plupart des objets rencontr\u00e9s dans la vie quotidienne. Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s chimiques des atomes et des mol\u00e9cules sont d\u00e9termin\u00e9es par le nombre de protons, en fait, par le nombre et la disposition des\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/what-is-electron-properties-of-electron\/\"><span>\u00e9lectrons<\/span><\/a><span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Interaction gravitationnelle &#8211; Force gravitationnelle<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span>La gravit\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0a \u00e9t\u00e9 la premi\u00e8re force \u00e0 \u00eatre \u00e9tudi\u00e9e scientifiquement.\u00a0La\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces\/gravitational-interaction-gravitational-force\/gravitational-force-equation-formula\/\"><strong><span>force gravitationnelle a<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9crite syst\u00e9matiquement par Isaac Newton au 17\u00e8me si\u00e8cle.\u00a0Newton a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que la force gravitationnelle agit entre tous les objets ayant une masse (y compris les objets allant des atomes et des photons aux plan\u00e8tes et aux \u00e9toiles) et est directement proportionnelle aux masses des corps et inversement proportionnelle au carr\u00e9 de la distance entre les corps.\u00a0Puisque\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/laws-of-conservation\/law-of-conservation-of-energy\/conservation-of-mass-energy-mass-energy-equivalence\/\"><span>l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie et la masse sont \u00e9quivalentes<\/span><\/a><span>, toutes les formes d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie (y compris la lumi\u00e8re) provoquent la gravitation et sont sous l&rsquo;influence de celle-ci.\u00a0La port\u00e9e de cette force est \u221e et elle est plus faible que les autres forces.\u00a0Cette relation est illustr\u00e9e dans l&rsquo;\u00e9quation ci-dessous.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gravitational-force-equation.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23266\" src=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gravitational-force-equation.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"425\" height=\"199\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>L&rsquo;\u00e9quation montre que plus les masses des objets sont grandes ou plus la distance entre les objets est petite, plus la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>force gravitationnelle est<\/span><\/strong><span> grande. Ainsi, m\u00eame si les masses des nucl\u00e9ons sont tr\u00e8s petites, le fait que la distance entre les nucl\u00e9ons soit extr\u00eamement courte peut rendre la force gravitationnelle importante. La force gravitationnelle entre deux protons s\u00e9par\u00e9s par une distance de 10<\/span><sup><span>-20<\/span><\/sup><span> m\u00e8tres est d&rsquo;environ 10<\/span><sup><span>-24<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0newtons.\u00a0La gravit\u00e9 est la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>plus faible des quatre forces fondamentales<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de la physique, environ 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>38<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0fois plus faible que la force forte.\u00a0D&rsquo;autre part,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>la gravit\u00e9 est additive<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Chaque grain de mati\u00e8re que vous mettez dans un morceau contribue \u00e0 la gravit\u00e9 globale globale du morceau.\u00a0Puisqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit \u00e9galement d&rsquo;une force \u00e0 tr\u00e8s longue port\u00e9e, c&rsquo;est la force dominante \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle macroscopique, et c&rsquo;est la cause de la formation, de la forme et de la trajectoire (orbite) des corps astronomiques.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Quatre forces fondamentales de la nature<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Fundamental-Interactions-and-Fundamental-Forces.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21456\" src=\"http:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Fundamental-Interactions-and-Fundamental-Forces.png\" alt=\"Interactions fondamentales et forces fondamentales\" width=\"970\" height=\"574\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-arrow\" data-anchor=\"References\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>References :<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/span><strong><span>Physique nucl\u00e9aire et des r\u00e9acteurs:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span>JR Lamarsh, Introduction \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie des r\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires, 2e \u00e9d., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>JR Lamarsh, AJ Baratta, Introduction au g\u00e9nie nucl\u00e9aire, 3e \u00e9d., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN : 0-201-82498-1.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>WM Stacey, Physique des r\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2001, ISBN : 0-471-39127-1.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Glasstone, Sesonsk\u00e9.\u00a0Ing\u00e9nierie des r\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires\u00a0: Ing\u00e9nierie des syst\u00e8mes de r\u00e9acteurs, Springer\u00a0;\u00a04e \u00e9dition, 1994, ISBN : 978-0412985317<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>WSC Williams.\u00a0Physique nucl\u00e9aire et des particules.\u00a0Presse Clarendon\u00a0;\u00a01 \u00e9dition, 1991, ISBN : 978-0198520467<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>GRKeep.\u00a0Physique de la cin\u00e9tique nucl\u00e9aire.\u00a0Pub Addison-Wesley.\u00a0Co;\u00a01\u00e8re \u00e9dition, 1965<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Robert Reed Burn, Introduction au fonctionnement des r\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires, 1988.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>D\u00e9partement am\u00e9ricain de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie, de la physique nucl\u00e9aire et de la th\u00e9orie des r\u00e9acteurs.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 et 2. Janvier 1993.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Paul Reuss, Physique des neutrons.\u00a0EDP \u200b\u200bSciences, 2008. ISBN : 978-2759800414.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong><span>Physique avanc\u00e9e des r\u00e9acteurs:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span>KO Ott, WA Bezella, Introduction \u00e0 la statique des r\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires, American Nuclear Society, \u00e9dition r\u00e9vis\u00e9e (1989), 1989, ISBN : 0-894-48033-2.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>KO Ott, RJ Neuhold, Introduction \u00e0 la dynamique des r\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires, American Nuclear Society, 1985, ISBN : 0-894-48029-4.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>DL Hetrick, Dynamique des r\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN : 0-894-48453-2.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>EE Lewis, WF Miller, Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN : 0-894-48452-4.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Voir \u00e9galement:<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Forces fondamentales<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color: #ffffff;border-color: #ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color: #ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><img src=\"icon : lien\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" \/> <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Nous esp\u00e9rons que cet article,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Force fondamentale de la nature &#8211; Quatre forces fondamentales<\/span><\/strong><span>, vous aidera.\u00a0Si oui,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>donnez-nous un like<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dans la barre lat\u00e9rale.\u00a0L&rsquo;objectif principal de ce site Web est d&rsquo;aider le public \u00e0 apprendre des informations int\u00e9ressantes et importantes sur les mat\u00e9riaux et leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nous esp\u00e9rons que cet article,\u00a0Force fondamentale de la nature &#8211; Quatre forces fondamentales, vous aidera.\u00a0Si oui,\u00a0donnez-nous un like\u00a0dans la barre lat\u00e9rale.\u00a0L&rsquo;objectif principal de ce site Web est d&rsquo;aider le public \u00e0 apprendre des informations int\u00e9ressantes et importantes sur les mat\u00e9riaux et leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Quelle est la force fondamentale de la nature - Quatre forces fondamentales - D\u00e9finition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Quatre forces fondamentales de la nature. 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