{"id":117257,"date":"2022-09-11T22:24:51","date_gmt":"2022-09-11T21:24:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/carvao-betuminoso-tabela-de-materiais-aplicacoes-preco\/"},"modified":"2022-10-17T13:44:10","modified_gmt":"2022-10-17T12:44:10","slug":"carvao-betuminoso-tabela-de-materiais-aplicacoes-preco","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/carvao-betuminoso-tabela-de-materiais-aplicacoes-preco\/","title":{"rendered":"Hulha &#8211; Tabela de Materiais &#8211; Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es &#8211; Pre\u00e7o"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Sobre o Hulha<\/h2>\n<p>O carv\u00e3o \u00e9 uma rocha formada a partir da decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o da vida vegetal.\u00a0\u00c9 composto principalmente de carbono, com muitos outros oligoelementos.\u00a0O Hulha ou carv\u00e3o preto \u00e9 um carv\u00e3o relativamente macio que cont\u00e9m uma subst\u00e2ncia parecida com alcatr\u00e3o chamada betume ou asfalto. \u00c9 de qualidade superior \u00e0 linhite e carv\u00e3o sub-betuminoso, mas de qualidade inferior \u00e0 antracite.\u00a0<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/coal-properties-density-strength-price.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-108296\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/coal-properties-density-strength-price.png\" alt=\"pre\u00e7o da for\u00e7a da densidade das propriedades do carv\u00e3o\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/coal-properties-density-strength-price.png 1000w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/coal-properties-density-strength-price-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/coal-properties-density-strength-price-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/coal-properties-density-strength-price-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Resumo<\/h3>\n<table class=\"a\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"b\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Nome<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hulha<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Fase em STP<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>s\u00f3lido<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Densidade<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>1400 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>20 MPa<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">For\u00e7a de rendimento<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>N\/D<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">M\u00f3dulo de elasticidade de Young<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>N\/D<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Dureza Brinell<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>2 Mohs<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Ponto de fus\u00e3o<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>1127 \u00b0C<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Condutividade t\u00e9rmica<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>0,2 W\/mK<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Capacidade de calor<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"text-align: start;\">1380 J\/gK<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Pre\u00e7o<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>0,03 $\/kg<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<h2>Composi\u00e7\u00e3o do Hulha<\/h2>\n<p>O carv\u00e3o \u00e9 composto de macerais, minerais e \u00e1gua.\u00a0A composi\u00e7\u00e3o exata do carv\u00e3o depende principalmente do tempo durante o qual ocorreu a convers\u00e3o da mat\u00e9ria vegetal para o mineral final.\u00a0Quanto mais velho o carv\u00e3o, maior a porcentagem de carbono e menos aparente o componente vegetal original, ou seja, o f\u00f3ssil, restos de tecidos vegetais, resina, etc. E, em particular, esse carv\u00e3o \u00e9 de maior qualidade e demanda.\u00a0No entanto, al\u00e9m disso, a coalifica\u00e7\u00e3o e a representa\u00e7\u00e3o de impurezas dependem de outras circunst\u00e2ncias, em particular da composi\u00e7\u00e3o de esp\u00e9cies das plantas a partir das quais o carv\u00e3o foi formado, do car\u00e1ter do dep\u00f3sito, da hist\u00f3ria geol\u00f3gica.\u00a0O carv\u00e3o betuminoso \u00e9 uma rocha sedimentar org\u00e2nica formada por compress\u00e3o diagen\u00e9tica e submetam\u00f3rfica de material de turfeira.\u00a0Seus constituintes prim\u00e1rios s\u00e3o os macerais: vitrinita,\u00a0e liptinita.\u00a0O teor de carbono do carv\u00e3o betuminoso \u00e9 de cerca de 45-86%;\u00a0o resto \u00e9 composto de \u00e1gua, ar, hidrog\u00eanio e enxofre, que n\u00e3o foram expulsos dos macerais.\u00a0A an\u00e1lise elementar fornece f\u00f3rmulas emp\u00edricas como C137H97O9NS para carv\u00e3o betuminoso e C240H90O4NS para antracito de alta qualidade.\u00a0<div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 50px;\">80%<a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Carbon-periodic-table.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-92294\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Carbon-periodic-table-150x150.png\" alt=\"Carbono na Tabela Peri\u00f3dica\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 50px;\">8%<a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Hydrogen-periodic-table.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-95010\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Hydrogen-periodic-table-150x150.png\" alt=\"Hidrog\u00eanio na Tabela Peri\u00f3dica\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Hydrogen-periodic-table-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Hydrogen-periodic-table-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Hydrogen-periodic-table.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 50px;\">10%<a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oxygen-periodic-table.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-94990\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oxygen-periodic-table-150x150.png\" alt=\"Oxig\u00eanio na Tabela Peri\u00f3dica\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oxygen-periodic-table-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oxygen-periodic-table-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oxygen-periodic-table.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"> <\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<h2>Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es do Hulha<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_109032\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-109032\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Coal-Material-Table-Applications-Price.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-109029\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Coal-Material-Table-Applications-Price-300x257.jpg\" alt=\"{%TEXTO ALTERNATIVO%}\" width=\"300\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Coal-Material-Table-Applications-Price-300x257.jpg 300w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Coal-Material-Table-Applications-Price.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-109032\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: wikipedia.org License: CC-BY SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A alta densidade de energia do carv\u00e3o e as extensas reservas encontradas na natureza o tornam \u00fatil como combust\u00edvel para gera\u00e7\u00e3o de eletricidade em usinas a carv\u00e3o e, em alguns lugares, aquecimento.\u00a0Cerca de 8000 Mt de carv\u00e3o s\u00e3o produzidos anualmente, cerca de 90% dos quais s\u00e3o hulha e 10% linhite.\u00a0A partir de 2018, pouco mais da metade \u00e9 de minas subterr\u00e2neas.\u00a0Os usos mais significativos do carv\u00e3o s\u00e3o na gera\u00e7\u00e3o de eletricidade, produ\u00e7\u00e3o de a\u00e7o, fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de cimento e como combust\u00edvel l\u00edquido.\u00a0<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<h2>Propriedades Mec\u00e2nicas do Hulha<\/h2>\n<h3>For\u00e7a do Hulha<\/h3>\n<p>Na mec\u00e2nica dos materiais, a\u00a0<strong>resist\u00eancia de um material<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 sua capacidade de suportar uma carga aplicada sem falha ou deforma\u00e7\u00e3o pl\u00e1stica.\u00a0<strong>A resist\u00eancia dos materiais<\/strong>\u00a0considera basicamente a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre as\u00a0<strong>cargas externas<\/strong>\u00a0aplicadas a um material e a\u00a0<strong>deforma\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0resultante ou altera\u00e7\u00e3o nas dimens\u00f5es do material.\u00a0Ao projetar estruturas e m\u00e1quinas, \u00e9 importante considerar esses fatores, a fim de que o material selecionado tenha resist\u00eancia adequada para resistir \u00e0s cargas ou for\u00e7as aplicadas e manter sua forma original.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A resist\u00eancia de um material<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 a sua capacidade de suportar esta carga aplicada sem falha ou deforma\u00e7\u00e3o pl\u00e1stica.\u00a0Para tens\u00e3o de tra\u00e7\u00e3o, a capacidade de um material ou estrutura de suportar cargas que tendem a se alongar \u00e9 conhecida como resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o final (UTS).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/what-is-yield-strength-yield-point-definition\/\">O limite de escoamento<\/a>\u00a0ou tens\u00e3o de escoamento \u00e9 a propriedade do material definida como a tens\u00e3o na qual um material come\u00e7a a se deformar plasticamente, enquanto o ponto de escoamento \u00e9 o ponto onde a deforma\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o linear (el\u00e1stica + pl\u00e1stica) come\u00e7a.\u00a0No caso de tens\u00e3o de tra\u00e7\u00e3o de uma barra uniforme (curva tens\u00e3o-deforma\u00e7\u00e3o), a <a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/what-is-hookes-law-definition\/\"><b>lei de Hooke<\/b><\/a>\u00a0descreve o comportamento de uma barra na regi\u00e3o el\u00e1stica.\u00a0O\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/what-is-youngs-modulus-of-elasticity-definition\/\">m\u00f3dulo de elasticidade de Young<\/a>\u00a0\u00e9 o m\u00f3dulo de elasticidade para tens\u00f5es de tra\u00e7\u00e3o e compress\u00e3o no regime de elasticidade linear de uma deforma\u00e7\u00e3o uniaxial e geralmente \u00e9 avaliado por ensaios de tra\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/what-is-strength-definition\/\">Resist\u00eancia dos Materiais<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o final do Hulha<\/h3>\n<p>A resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o final do Hulha \u00e9 de 20 MPa.<\/p>\n<h3>For\u00e7a de rendimento do Hulha<\/h3>\n<p>A for\u00e7a de rendimento do Hulha<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00e9 N\/A.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u00f3dulo de Elasticidade do Hulha<\/h3>\n<p>O m\u00f3dulo de elasticidade de Young do Hulha \u00e9 N\/A.<\/p>\n<h3>Dureza do Hulha<\/h3>\n<p>Na ci\u00eancia dos materiais, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/hardness\/\"><strong>dureza<\/strong><\/a> \u00e9 a capacidade de suportar <strong>o recuo da superf\u00edcie<\/strong> (<strong>deforma\u00e7\u00e3o pl\u00e1stica localizada<\/strong>) e\u00a0<strong>arranh\u00f5es<\/strong>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/hardness\/brinell-hardness-test\/\"><strong>O teste de dureza Brinell<\/strong><\/a> \u00e9 um dos testes de dureza de indenta\u00e7\u00e3o, que foi desenvolvido para testes de dureza.\u00a0Nos testes Brinell, um <strong>penetrador esf\u00e9rico<\/strong>\u00a0duro \u00e9 for\u00e7ado sob uma carga espec\u00edfica na superf\u00edcie do metal a ser testado.<\/p>\n<p>O <strong>n\u00famero de dureza Brinell<\/strong> (HB) \u00e9 a carga dividida pela \u00e1rea da superf\u00edcie da indenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0O di\u00e2metro da impress\u00e3o \u00e9 medido com um microsc\u00f3pio com uma escala sobreposta.\u00a0O n\u00famero de dureza Brinell \u00e9 calculado a partir da equa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/brinell-hardness-number-definition.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-90677\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/brinell-hardness-number-definition.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/brinell-hardness-number-definition.png 320w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/brinell-hardness-number-definition-300x178.png 300w\" alt=\"n\u00famero de dureza brinell - defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"320\" height=\"190\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A dureza do Hulha \u00e9 de aproximadamente 2 Mohs.<\/p>\n<p>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/what-is-hardness-definition\/\">Dureza dos Materiais<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Resist\u00eancia dos Materiais<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/strength-of-materials-tensile-yield\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-108070 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Material-Table-Strength-of-Materials-300x182.png\" alt=\"Tabela de Materiais - Resist\u00eancia dos Materiais\" width=\"300\" height=\"182\" \/><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Elasticidade dos Materiais<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/elasticity-of-materials\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-108080 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Material-Table-Elasticity-of-Materials-300x185.png\" alt=\"Tabela de Materiais - Elasticidade dos Materiais\" width=\"300\" height=\"185\" \/><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Dureza dos Materiais<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/hardness-of-materials-brinell-mohs\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-108085 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Material-Table-Hardness-of-Materials-300x182.png\" alt=\"Tabela de Materiais - Dureza dos Materiais\" width=\"300\" height=\"182\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 <\/p><\/div><\/div> <div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<h2>Propriedades T\u00e9rmicas do Hulha<\/h2>\n<h3>Hulha &#8211; Ponto de Fus\u00e3o<\/h3>\n<p><strong>O ponto de fus\u00e3o do Hulha \u00e9 1127 <\/strong><strong>\u00b0C<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Observe que esses pontos est\u00e3o associados \u00e0 press\u00e3o atmosf\u00e9rica padr\u00e3o.\u00a0Em geral, a <strong>fus\u00e3o<\/strong> \u00e9 uma <strong>mudan\u00e7a de fase<\/strong> de uma subst\u00e2ncia da fase s\u00f3lida para a l\u00edquida.\u00a0O <strong>ponto de fus\u00e3o<\/strong> de uma subst\u00e2ncia \u00e9 a temperatura na qual essa mudan\u00e7a de fase ocorre.\u00a0O <strong>ponto de fus\u00e3o <\/strong>tamb\u00e9m define uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o na qual o s\u00f3lido e o l\u00edquido podem existir em equil\u00edbrio.\u00a0Para v\u00e1rios compostos qu\u00edmicos e ligas, \u00e9 dif\u00edcil definir o ponto de fus\u00e3o, pois geralmente s\u00e3o uma mistura de v\u00e1rios elementos qu\u00edmicos.<\/p>\n<h3>Hulha &#8211; Condutividade T\u00e9rmica<\/h3>\n<p>A condutividade t\u00e9rmica do Hulha \u00e9 <strong>0,2\u00a0<\/strong><strong>W\/(m\u00b7K)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>As caracter\u00edsticas de transfer\u00eancia de calor de um material s\u00f3lido s\u00e3o medidas por uma propriedade chamada <strong>condutividade t\u00e9rmica<\/strong>, k (ou \u03bb), medida em\u00a0<strong>W\/mK<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00c9 uma medida da capacidade de uma subst\u00e2ncia de transferir calor atrav\u00e9s de um material por <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/what-is-thermal-conduction-heat-conduction-definition\/\">condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>.\u00a0Observe que <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/what-is-fouriers-law-of-thermal-conduction-definition\/\"><strong>a lei de Fourier<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0se aplica a toda mat\u00e9ria, independentemente de seu estado (s\u00f3lido, l\u00edquido ou gasoso), portanto, tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 definida para l\u00edquidos e gases.<\/p>\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/what-is-thermal-conductivity-definition\/\"><strong>condutividade t\u00e9rmica<\/strong><\/a> da maioria dos l\u00edquidos e s\u00f3lidos varia com a temperatura.\u00a0Para vapores, tamb\u00e9m depende da press\u00e3o.\u00a0No geral:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-conductivity-definition.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-88793\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-conductivity-definition.png\" alt=\"condutividade t\u00e9rmica - defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"225\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A maioria dos materiais s\u00e3o quase homog\u00eaneos, portanto, geralmente podemos escrever <strong><em>k = k(T)<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0Defini\u00e7\u00f5es semelhantes est\u00e3o associadas a condutividades t\u00e9rmicas nas dire\u00e7\u00f5es y e z (ky, kz), mas para um material isotr\u00f3pico a condutividade t\u00e9rmica \u00e9 independente da dire\u00e7\u00e3o de transfer\u00eancia, kx = ky = kz = k.<\/p>\n<h3>Hulha &#8211; Calor Espec\u00edfico<\/h3>\n<p><strong>O calor espec\u00edfico do Hulha \u00e9 1380 <\/strong><strong>\u00a0J\/g<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>K<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Calor espec\u00edfico, ou capacidade calor\u00edfica espec\u00edfica, <\/strong>\u00e9 uma propriedade relacionada \u00e0\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/what-is-internal-energy-thermal-energy-definition\/\">energia interna<\/a><\/strong> que \u00e9 muito importante na termodin\u00e2mica.\u00a0As <strong>propriedades intensivas <\/strong><strong><em>c<\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub>v<\/sub><\/em><\/strong> e\u00a0<strong><em>c<\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub>p<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0s\u00e3o definidas para subst\u00e2ncias compress\u00edveis puras simples como derivadas parciais da\u00a0<strong>energia interna <\/strong><strong><em>u(T, v)<\/em><\/strong> e <strong>entalpia <\/strong><strong><em>h(T, p)<\/em><\/strong>, respectivamente:<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Specific-Heat-at-Constant-Volume-and-Constant-Pressure.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-87689\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Specific-Heat-at-Constant-Volume-and-Constant-Pressure.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"106\" height=\"138\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>onde os subscritos <strong>v<\/strong> e\u00a0<strong>p<\/strong>\u00a0denotam as vari\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bmantidas fixas durante a diferencia\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0As propriedades <strong>c<sub>v<\/sub> <\/strong>e <strong>c<sub>p<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0s\u00e3o chamadas de\u00a0<strong>calores espec\u00edficos<\/strong> (ou\u00a0<strong>capacidades de calor<\/strong>) porque, sob certas condi\u00e7\u00f5es especiais, elas relacionam a mudan\u00e7a de temperatura de um sistema \u00e0 quantidade de energia adicionada pela transfer\u00eancia de calor.\u00a0Suas unidades no SI s\u00e3o <strong>J\/kg K<\/strong> ou\u00a0<strong>J\/mol K<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Ponto de fus\u00e3o dos Materiais<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/melting-point-of-materials\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-108050 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Material-Table-Metling-Point-300x183.png\" alt=\"Tabela de Materiais - Ponto de Fus\u00e3o\" width=\"300\" height=\"183\" \/><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Condutividade T\u00e9rmica dos Materiais<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/thermal-conductivity-of-materials\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-108055 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Material-Table-Thermal-Conductivity-300x180.png\" alt=\"Tabela de Materiais - Condutividade T\u00e9rmica\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" \/><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Capacidade de Calor dos Materiais<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/heat-capacity-of-materials\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-108063 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Material-Table-Heat-Capacity-300x179.png\" alt=\"Tabela de Materiais - Capacidade de Calor\" width=\"300\" height=\"179\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div> <div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<h2>Propriedades e pre\u00e7os de outros materiais<\/h2>\n<p>tabela de materiais em resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de 8k<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:20px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sobre o Hulha O carv\u00e3o \u00e9 uma rocha formada a partir da decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o da vida vegetal.\u00a0\u00c9 composto principalmente de carbono, com muitos outros oligoelementos.\u00a0O Hulha ou carv\u00e3o preto \u00e9 um carv\u00e3o relativamente macio que cont\u00e9m uma subst\u00e2ncia parecida com alcatr\u00e3o chamada betume ou asfalto. \u00c9 de qualidade superior \u00e0 linhite e carv\u00e3o sub-betuminoso, mas de &#8230; <a 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