{"id":119396,"date":"2023-01-21T02:51:26","date_gmt":"2023-01-21T01:51:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/o-que-e-refinamento-de-grao-reforco-do-limite-de-grao-definicao\/"},"modified":"2023-02-07T08:28:55","modified_gmt":"2023-02-07T07:28:55","slug":"o-que-e-refinamento-de-grao-reforco-do-limite-de-grao-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-refinamento-de-grao-reforco-do-limite-de-grao-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 Refinamento de Gr\u00e3o &#8211; Refor\u00e7o do Limite de Gr\u00e3o &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\"><div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">O refor\u00e7o de contorno de gr\u00e3o (ou refor\u00e7o de Hall-Petch) \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo de fortalecer materiais alterando seu tamanho m\u00e9dio de cristalito (gr\u00e3o).<\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Fortalecimento de Metais<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>A resist\u00eancia de metais e ligas pode ser modificada atrav\u00e9s de v\u00e1rias combina\u00e7\u00f5es de trabalho a frio, ligas e tratamento t\u00e9rmico.\u00a0Conforme discutido na se\u00e7\u00e3o anterior, a capacidade de um material cristalino se deformar plasticamente depende em grande parte da capacidade do deslocamento se mover dentro de um material.\u00a0Portanto, impedir o movimento das discord\u00e2ncias resultar\u00e1 no fortalecimento do material.\u00a0Por exemplo, uma microestrutura com\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/crystal-structures\/grain-structure-grains-in-crystalline-materials\/\"><span>gr\u00e3os<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0mais finos normalmente resulta em maior resist\u00eancia e tenacidade superior em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a mesma liga com gr\u00e3os fisicamente maiores.\u00a0No caso do tamanho do gr\u00e3o, tamb\u00e9m pode haver compensa\u00e7\u00e3o entre as caracter\u00edsticas de resist\u00eancia e flu\u00eancia.\u00a0Outros mecanismos de refor\u00e7o s\u00e3o alcan\u00e7ados \u00e0 custa de menor ductilidade e tenacidade.\u00a0Existem muitos mecanismos de fortalecimento, que incluem:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/metals-what-are-metals\/metalworking\/solid-solution-strengthening-alloying\/\"><strong><span>Refor\u00e7o de Solu\u00e7\u00e3o S\u00f3lida<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(liga)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/metals-what-are-metals\/metalworking\/work-hardening-cold-working\/\"><strong><span>Endurecimento por Trabalho (Trabalho a Frio)<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/metals-what-are-metals\/metalworking\/precipitation-hardening-age-hardening\/\"><strong><span>endurecimento por precipita\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/metals-what-are-metals\/metalworking\/grain-refinement-grain-boundary-strenthening\/\"><strong><span>Refinamento de Gr\u00e3os<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/metals-what-are-metals\/metalworking\/transformation-hardening-martensitic-transformation-hardening\/\"><strong><span>Endurecimento da Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span>Refinamento de Gr\u00e3o &#8211; Fortalecimento do Limite de Gr\u00e3o<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_27618\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27618\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27618\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Grains-Grain-Boundaries-300x160.png\" alt=\"Gr\u00e3os - Limites de Gr\u00e3o\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27618\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Gr\u00e3os e Limites Fonte: Departamento de Energia dos EUA, Ci\u00eancia de Materiais.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 e 2. Janeiro de 1993.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><span>O refor\u00e7o de contorno de gr\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(ou refor\u00e7o de Hall-Petch) \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo de refor\u00e7o de materiais alterando seu tamanho m\u00e9dio de cristalito (gr\u00e3o).\u00a0O tamanho do gr\u00e3o determina as propriedades do metal.\u00a0Por exemplo, tamanho de gr\u00e3o menor aumenta a resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o e tende a aumentar a ductilidade.\u00a0Um tamanho de gr\u00e3o maior \u00e9 preferido para melhorar as propriedades de flu\u00eancia em alta temperatura.\u00a0Diminuir o tamanho do gr\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 uma maneira eficaz de aumentar a ductilidade.\u00a0Quando o tamanho do gr\u00e3o \u00e9 reduzido, h\u00e1 mais gr\u00e3os com um maior n\u00famero de planos de deslizamento arbitrariamente alinhados para as discord\u00e2ncias nos gr\u00e3os.\u00a0Isso oferece mais oportunidades para que algum deslizamento ocorra em um material estressado.\u00a0Os contornos de gr\u00e3o agem como um impedimento ao movimento das discord\u00e2ncias pelos dois motivos a seguir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span>A discord\u00e2ncia deve mudar sua dire\u00e7\u00e3o de movimento devido \u00e0 orienta\u00e7\u00e3o diferente dos gr\u00e3os.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Descontinuidade dos planos de deslizamento do gr\u00e3o um para o gr\u00e3o dois.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span>Assim, o refinamento de gr\u00e3o fornece um meio importante para melhorar n\u00e3o apenas a resist\u00eancia, mas tamb\u00e9m a ductilidade e a tenacidade.\u00a0Muitos outros mecanismos de refor\u00e7o s\u00e3o alcan\u00e7ados em detrimento da ductilidade e tenacidade.\u00a0Para muitos materiais, o limite de escoamento \u03c3 varia com o tamanho do gr\u00e3o de acordo com<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>\u03c3\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>y<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= \u03c3\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>y,0<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0+ k\/d\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>x<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><span>Nesta express\u00e3o, denominada\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Hall-Petch<\/span><\/strong><span>, k \u00e9 uma constante, d \u00e9 o di\u00e2metro m\u00e9dio do gr\u00e3o e \u03c3<\/span><sub><span>y,0<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\u00e9 a tens\u00e3o de escoamento original.\u00a0Observe que esta equa\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9 v\u00e1lida para materiais policristalinos de gr\u00e3o muito grande (isto \u00e9, grosseiro) e gr\u00e3o extremamente fino.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>O efeito sin\u00e9rgico dos elementos de liga e do tratamento t\u00e9rmico produz uma enorme variedade de microestruturas e propriedades dos a\u00e7os.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Van\u00e1dio<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0O van\u00e1dio \u00e9 geralmente adicionado ao a\u00e7o para inibir o crescimento do gr\u00e3o durante o tratamento t\u00e9rmico.\u00a0Ao controlar o crescimento do gr\u00e3o, melhora a resist\u00eancia e a tenacidade dos a\u00e7os endurecidos e revenidos.\u00a0O tamanho do gr\u00e3o determina as propriedades do metal.\u00a0Por exemplo, tamanho de gr\u00e3o menor aumenta a resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o e tende a aumentar a ductilidade.\u00a0Um tamanho de gr\u00e3o maior \u00e9 preferido para melhorar as propriedades de flu\u00eancia em alta temperatura.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Tungst\u00eanio<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0O tungst\u00eanio produz carbonetos est\u00e1veis \u200b\u200be refina o tamanho do gr\u00e3o para aumentar a dureza, principalmente em altas temperaturas.\u00a0O tungst\u00eanio \u00e9 amplamente utilizado em a\u00e7os para ferramentas de alta velocidade e foi proposto como substituto do molibd\u00eanio em a\u00e7os ferr\u00edticos de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o reduzida para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span><div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Refer\u00eancias:<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais:<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Departamento de Energia dos EUA, Ci\u00eancia de Materiais.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 e 2. Janeiro de 1993.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Departamento de Energia dos EUA, Ci\u00eancia de Materiais.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 e 2. Janeiro de 1993.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>William D. Callister, David G. Rethwisch.\u00a0Ci\u00eancia e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o 9\u00aa Edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Wiley;\u00a09 edi\u00e7\u00e3o (4 de dezembro de 2013), ISBN-13: 978-1118324578.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Eberhart, Mark (2003).\u00a0Por que as coisas quebram: entendendo o mundo pela maneira como ele se desfaz.\u00a0Harmonia.\u00a0ISBN 978-1-4000-4760-4.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Gaskell, David R. (1995).\u00a0Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Termodin\u00e2mica dos Materiais (4\u00aa ed.).\u00a0Editora Taylor e Francis.\u00a0ISBN 978-1-56032-992-3.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Gonz\u00e1lez-Vi\u00f1as, W. &amp; Mancini, HL (2004).\u00a0Uma Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais.\u00a0Princeton University Press.\u00a0ISBN 978-0-691-07097-1.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Ashby, Michael;\u00a0Hugh Shercliff;\u00a0David Cebon (2007).\u00a0Materiais: engenharia, ci\u00eancia, processamento e design (1\u00aa ed.).\u00a0Butterworth-Heinemann.\u00a0ISBN 978-0-7506-8391-3.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>JR Lamarsh, AJ Baratta, Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Engenharia Nuclear, 3\u00aa ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.<\/span><br \/>\n<span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-default\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span>Veja acima:<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Ind\u00fastria metalmec\u00e2nica<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/metals-what-are-metals\/metalworking\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color: #606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color: #606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d\"><\/i> <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Esperamos que este artigo,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Refinamento de Gr\u00e3o &#8211; Refor\u00e7o do Limite<\/span><\/strong><span> de Gr\u00e3o, o ajude.\u00a0Se sim,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>d\u00ea um like<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0na barra lateral.\u00a0O objetivo principal deste site \u00e9 ajudar o p\u00fablico a aprender algumas informa\u00e7\u00f5es interessantes e importantes sobre materiais e suas propriedades.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Esperamos que este artigo,\u00a0Refinamento de Gr\u00e3o &#8211; Refor\u00e7o do Limite de Gr\u00e3o, o ajude.\u00a0Se sim,\u00a0d\u00ea um like\u00a0na barra lateral.\u00a0O objetivo principal deste site \u00e9 ajudar o p\u00fablico a aprender algumas informa\u00e7\u00f5es interessantes e importantes sobre materiais e suas propriedades. &nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 Refinamento de Gr\u00e3o - Refor\u00e7o do Limite de Gr\u00e3o - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o | Propriedades do Material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"O refor\u00e7o de contorno de gr\u00e3o (ou refor\u00e7o de Hall-Petch) \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo de refor\u00e7o de materiais alterando seu tamanho m\u00e9dio de cristalito (gr\u00e3o).\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-refinamento-de-grao-reforco-do-limite-de-grao-definicao\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"O que \u00e9 Refinamento de Gr\u00e3o - Refor\u00e7o do Limite de Gr\u00e3o - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o | Propriedades do Material\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"O refor\u00e7o de contorno de gr\u00e3o (ou refor\u00e7o de Hall-Petch) \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo de refor\u00e7o de materiais alterando seu tamanho m\u00e9dio de cristalito (gr\u00e3o).\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-refinamento-de-grao-reforco-do-limite-de-grao-definicao\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Material Properties\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-01-21T01:51:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-02-07T07:28:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Grains-Grain-Boundaries-300x160.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Nick Connor\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Nick Connor\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. tempo de leitura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-refinamento-de-grao-reforco-do-limite-de-grao-definicao\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-refinamento-de-grao-reforco-do-limite-de-grao-definicao\/\",\"name\":\"O que \u00e9 Refinamento de Gr\u00e3o - Refor\u00e7o do Limite de Gr\u00e3o - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o | Propriedades do Material\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-01-21T01:51:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-02-07T07:28:55+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/#\/schema\/person\/e8c544db9afedaec8574d6464f9398bb\"},\"description\":\"O refor\u00e7o de contorno de gr\u00e3o (ou refor\u00e7o de Hall-Petch) \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo de refor\u00e7o de materiais alterando seu tamanho m\u00e9dio de cristalito (gr\u00e3o).\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-refinamento-de-grao-reforco-do-limite-de-grao-definicao\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pt-BR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-refinamento-de-grao-reforco-do-limite-de-grao-definicao\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-refinamento-de-grao-reforco-do-limite-de-grao-definicao\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Dom\u016f\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"O que \u00e9 Refinamento de Gr\u00e3o &#8211; 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