{"id":119806,"date":"2023-02-14T12:00:05","date_gmt":"2023-02-14T11:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/o-que-sao-ligas-de-zirconio-definicao\/"},"modified":"2023-02-14T12:03:15","modified_gmt":"2023-02-14T11:03:15","slug":"o-que-sao-ligas-de-zirconio-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/o-que-sao-ligas-de-zirconio-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que s\u00e3o Ligas de Zirc\u00f4nio &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\"><div class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">As ligas de zirc\u00f4nio s\u00e3o amplamente utilizadas como revestimento para combust\u00edveis de reatores nucleares.\u00a0Zirc\u00f4nio ligado com ni\u00f3bio ou estanho tem excelentes propriedades de corros\u00e3o.\u00a0Ligas de zirc\u00f4nio<\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_27131\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27131\" style=\"width: 131px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Nuclear-Fuel-Assembly-min.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-27131 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Nuclear-Fuel-Assembly-min-141x1024.png\" alt=\"Conjunto de Combust\u00edvel Nuclear\" width=\"141\" height=\"1024\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27131\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Conjunto de combust\u00edvel t\u00edpico<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>O zirc\u00f4nio puro \u00e9 um metal de transi\u00e7\u00e3o brilhante, branco-acinzentado e forte que se assemelha ao h\u00e1fnio e, em menor grau, ao tit\u00e2nio.\u00a0O zirc\u00f4nio \u00e9 usado principalmente como refrat\u00e1rio e opacificante, embora pequenas quantidades sejam usadas como agente de liga por sua forte resist\u00eancia \u00e0 corros\u00e3o.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>O zirc\u00f4nio e suas ligas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0s\u00e3o amplamente utilizados como\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/fuel-assembly\/fuel-cladding-cladding-tube\/\"><strong><span>revestimento para combust\u00edveis de reatores nucleares<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>.\u00a0Zirc\u00f4nio ligado com ni\u00f3bio ou estanho tem\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>excelentes propriedades de corros\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0A alta resist\u00eancia \u00e0 corros\u00e3o das ligas de zirc\u00f4nio resulta da forma\u00e7\u00e3o natural de um \u00f3xido denso e est\u00e1vel na superf\u00edcie do metal.\u00a0Este filme \u00e9 auto-reparador, continua a crescer lentamente em temperaturas de at\u00e9 aproximadamente 550\u00b0C (1020\u00b0F) e permanece fortemente aderente. A propriedade desejada dessas ligas tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 uma <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals\/neutron-nuclear-reactions\/neutron-capture-radiative-capture\/neutron-capture-cross-section\/\"><strong><span>se\u00e7\u00e3o de choque de baixa captura de n\u00eautrons<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>.\u00a0As desvantagens do zirc\u00f4nio s\u00e3o propriedades de baixa resist\u00eancia e baixa resist\u00eancia ao calor, que podem ser eliminadas, por exemplo, ligando-se ao ni\u00f3bio.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Zirc\u00f4nio \u2013 Ligas de Ni\u00f3bio<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Ligas de zirc\u00f4nio com ni\u00f3bio s\u00e3o usadas como revestimento de elementos combust\u00edveis de reatores VVER e RBMK.\u00a0Essas ligas s\u00e3o o material base do canal de montagem do reator RBMK.\u00a0A liga Zr + 1% Nb do tipo N-1 E-110 \u00e9 usada para revestimentos de elementos combust\u00edveis, a liga Zr + 2,5% Nb do tipo E-125 \u00e9 aplicada para tubos de canais de montagem.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Zirc\u00f4nio \u2013 Ligas de Estanho<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0As ligas de zirc\u00f4nio, nas quais o estanho \u00e9 o elemento de liga b\u00e1sico, que proporcionam melhoria de suas propriedades mec\u00e2nicas, t\u00eam ampla distribui\u00e7\u00e3o nos EUA.\u00a0Um subgrupo comum tem a marca comercial\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Zircaloy.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>No caso das ligas zirc\u00f4nio-estanho, ocorre a diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da resist\u00eancia \u00e0 corros\u00e3o em \u00e1gua e vapor, resultando na necessidade de ligas adicionais.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>O material de revestimento para os novos projetos de combust\u00edvel 17&#215;17 \u00e9 baseado tamb\u00e9m nas\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ligas de zirc\u00f4nio-ni\u00f3bio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(por exemplo, material ZIRLO otimizado), que demonstrou ter resist\u00eancia \u00e0 corros\u00e3o aprimorada em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com materiais de revestimento de combust\u00edvel anteriores.\u00a0O n\u00edvel de estanho otimizado fornece uma taxa de corros\u00e3o reduzida enquanto mant\u00e9m os benef\u00edcios de for\u00e7a mec\u00e2nica e resist\u00eancia \u00e0 corros\u00e3o acelerada de condi\u00e7\u00f5es qu\u00edmicas anormais.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Custos de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Em termos de custo, essas ligas tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o frequentemente os materiais de escolha para\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/heat-exchangers\/\"><span>trocadores de calor<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0e sistemas de tubula\u00e7\u00e3o para processamento qu\u00edmico e ind\u00fastrias nucleares.\u00a0O zirc\u00f4nio \u00e9 um subproduto da minera\u00e7\u00e3o e processamento dos minerais de tit\u00e2nio, bem como da minera\u00e7\u00e3o de estanho.\u00a0De 2003 a 2007, enquanto os pre\u00e7os do mineral zirc\u00f4nio aumentaram de US$ 360 para US$ 840 por tonelada, o pre\u00e7o do zirc\u00f4nio bruto diminuiu de US$ 39900 para US$ 22700 por tonelada. O zirc\u00f4nio met\u00e1lico \u00e9 muito mais caro que o zirc\u00f4nio porque os\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>processos de redu\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o caros<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Todos os custos variam significativamente com certa pureza.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>A produ\u00e7\u00e3o de zirc\u00f4nio met\u00e1lico requer t\u00e9cnicas especiais devido \u00e0s propriedades qu\u00edmicas particulares do zirc\u00f4nio.\u00a0A maior parte do metal Zr \u00e9 produzida a partir do zirc\u00e3o (ZrSiO<\/span><sub><span>4<\/span><\/sub><span>) pela redu\u00e7\u00e3o do cloreto de zirc\u00f4nio com magn\u00e9sio met\u00e1lico no\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>processo Kroll<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0A principal caracter\u00edstica do processo Kroll \u00e9 a redu\u00e7\u00e3o do cloreto de zirc\u00f4nio para zirc\u00f4nio met\u00e1lico por magn\u00e9sio.\u00a0O zirc\u00f4nio comercial de grau n\u00e3o nuclear normalmente cont\u00e9m\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>1\u20135% de h\u00e1fnio<\/span><\/strong><span>, cuja se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal de absor\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00eautrons \u00e9 600x a do zirc\u00f4nio.\u00a0O h\u00e1fnio deve, portanto, ser quase totalmente removido (reduzido para &lt; 0,02% da liga) para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es em reatores.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Ligas de Zirc\u00f4nio na Ind\u00fastria Nuclear<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29906\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29906\" style=\"width: 161px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Fuel-Clad-and-Pellets.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-29906\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Fuel-Clad-and-Pellets-171x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"171\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29906\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>O revestimento de combust\u00edvel normalmente tem um raio interno de r<sub>Zr,2<\/sub> = 0,408 cm e um raio externo de r<sub>Zr,1<\/sub> = 0,465 cm.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><span>Revestimento de combust\u00edvel<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 a camada externa das varetas de combust\u00edvel, ficando entre o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>refrigerante do reator<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e o\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/\"><strong><span>combust\u00edvel nuclear<\/span><\/strong><\/a> <span>(isto \u00e9,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/fuel-assembly\/fuel-pellets\/\"><strong><span>pastilhas de combust\u00edvel<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>).\u00a0\u00c9 feito de um material resistente \u00e0 corros\u00e3o com se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal de baixa absor\u00e7\u00e3o para\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/thermal-neutron\/\"><span>n\u00eautrons t\u00e9rmicos<\/span><\/a><span> (~ 0,18 \u00d7 10<\/span><sup><span>\u201324<\/span><\/sup><span> cm<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>), geralmente\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>liga de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0O revestimento de combust\u00edvel normalmente tem um raio interno de <\/span><strong><span>r<\/span><sub><span>Zr,2<\/span><\/sub><span> = 0,408 cm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e um raio externo\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>de r<\/span><sub><span>Zr,1<\/span><\/sub><span> = 0,465 cm<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com o pellet de combust\u00edvel, quase n\u00e3o h\u00e1 gera\u00e7\u00e3o de calor no revestimento do combust\u00edvel (o revestimento \u00e9 <\/span><a title=\"Libera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia da fiss\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/fission\/energy-release-from-fission\/\"><span>ligeiramente aquecido pela radia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>).\u00a0Todo o calor gerado no combust\u00edvel deve ser transferido por <\/span><strong><span>condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0atrav\u00e9s do revestimento e, portanto, a superf\u00edcie interna \u00e9 mais quente que a externa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Uma composi\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00edpica de ligas de zirc\u00f4nio de grau nuclear \u00e9 mais de 95% em peso de zirc\u00f4nio e menos de 2% de estanho, ni\u00f3bio, ferro, cromo, n\u00edquel e outros metais, que s\u00e3o adicionados para melhorar as propriedades mec\u00e2nicas e a resist\u00eancia \u00e0 corros\u00e3o.\u00a0A liga mais utilizada, at\u00e9 o momento, em PWRs, tem sido o Zircaloy 4, por\u00e9m atualmente esta est\u00e1 sendo substitu\u00edda por novas ligas \u00e0 base de zirc\u00f4nio-ni\u00f3bio, apresentando melhor resist\u00eancia \u00e0 corros\u00e3o.\u00a0A temperatura m\u00e1xima na qual as ligas de zirc\u00f4nio podem ser usadas em reatores refrigerados a \u00e1gua depende de sua resist\u00eancia \u00e0 corros\u00e3o.\u00a0As ligas de zirc\u00f4nio mais comuns, Zircaloy-2 e Zircaloy-4, cont\u00eam os fortes estabilizadores \u03b1 estanho e oxig\u00eanio, al\u00e9m dos estabilizadores \u03b2 ferro, cromo e n\u00edquel.\u00a0Ligas do tipo Zircalloy, nas quais o estanho \u00e9 o elemento de liga b\u00e1sico que proporciona melhoria de suas propriedades mec\u00e2nicas,\u00a0t\u00eam ampla distribui\u00e7\u00e3o no mundo.\u00a0Por\u00e9m, neste caso, ocorre a diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da resist\u00eancia \u00e0 corros\u00e3o em \u00e1gua e vapor que resultou na necessidade de ligas adicionais.\u00a0A melhoria provocada pelo ni\u00f3bio aditivo provavelmente envolve um mecanismo diferente.\u00a0A alta resist\u00eancia \u00e0 corros\u00e3o de ligas met\u00e1licas de ni\u00f3bio em \u00e1gua e vapor em temperaturas de 400\u2013550\u00b0C \u00e9 causada por sua capacidade de passiva\u00e7\u00e3o com forma\u00e7\u00e3o de filmes protetores.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Oxida\u00e7\u00e3o de ligas de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>A\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/fuel-assembly\/fuel-cladding-cladding-tube\/oxidation-of-zirconium-alloys\/\"><span>oxida\u00e7\u00e3o de ligas de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 um dos processos mais estudados em toda a ind\u00fastria nuclear.\u00a0A rea\u00e7\u00e3o oxidativa do zirc\u00f4nio com a \u00e1gua libera g\u00e1s hidrog\u00eanio, que se difunde parcialmente na liga e forma hidretos de zirc\u00f4nio.\u00a0Os hidretos s\u00e3o menos densos e mecanicamente mais fracos que a liga;\u00a0sua forma\u00e7\u00e3o resulta em bolhas e rachaduras no revestimento \u2013 um fen\u00f4meno conhecido como fragiliza\u00e7\u00e3o por hidrog\u00eanio.\u00a0Embora muitos desses relat\u00f3rios sejam escritos para abordar a rea\u00e7\u00e3o de combust\u00edvel e\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/\"><span>vapor<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0com\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ligas de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0no caso de um acidente nuclear, ainda h\u00e1 um n\u00famero substancial de relat\u00f3rios que tratam da oxida\u00e7\u00e3o de ligas de zirc\u00f4nio em temperaturas moderadas de cerca de 800 K e abaixo .<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Zr + 2H<\/span><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><span>O\u2192ZrO<\/span><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><span> + 2H<\/span><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Em altas temperaturas<\/span><\/strong><span>, a rea\u00e7\u00e3o exot\u00e9rmica de ligas \u00e0 base de Zr com vapor \u00e9 muito mais intensa e perigosa para a seguran\u00e7a de usinas nucleares durante acidentes como um acidente de perda de refrigerante (LOCA).\u00a0O principal problema da oxida\u00e7\u00e3o em alta temperatura \u00e9 que o revestimento de zirc\u00f4nio reage rapidamente com o vapor de \u00e1gua em alta temperatura.\u00a0A cin\u00e9tica de oxida\u00e7\u00e3o de ligas de zirc\u00f4nio relevantes parece ser\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>parab\u00f3lica<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0na faixa de temperatura de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>1000-1500\u00b0C<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para muitas ligas \u00e0 base de Zr.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Liga de Zirc\u00f4nio-Estanho<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Zircaloy-4 (UNS R60804) \u00e9 uma varia\u00e7\u00e3o do Zircaloy-2, mas n\u00e3o cont\u00e9m n\u00edquel e tem um teor de ferro mais alto e mais controlado.\u00a0As propriedades mec\u00e2nicas s\u00e3o semelhantes ao zirc\u00f4nio puro, mais forte e menos d\u00factil, com excelente resist\u00eancia \u00e0 corros\u00e3o.\u00a0Esta liga tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 usada em servi\u00e7o nuclear;\u00a0absorve menos hidrog\u00eanio do que Zircaloy-2 quando exposto \u00e0 corros\u00e3o em \u00e1gua e vapor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>As ligas de zirc\u00f4nio, nas quais o estanho \u00e9 o elemento de liga b\u00e1sico, que proporcionam melhoria de suas propriedades mec\u00e2nicas, t\u00eam ampla distribui\u00e7\u00e3o nos EUA.\u00a0Um subgrupo comum tem a marca comercial Zircaloy.\u00a0No caso das ligas zirc\u00f4nio-estanho, ocorre a diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da resist\u00eancia \u00e0 corros\u00e3o em \u00e1gua e vapor, resultando na necessidade de ligas adicionais.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/zirconium-tin-alloy-properties-density-strength-price.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-108656\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/zirconium-tin-alloy-properties-density-strength-price.png\" alt=\"liga de estanho de zirc\u00f4nio propriedades densidade for\u00e7a pre\u00e7o\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/zirconium-tin-alloy-properties-density-strength-price.png 1000w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/zirconium-tin-alloy-properties-density-strength-price-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/zirconium-tin-alloy-properties-density-strength-price-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/zirconium-tin-alloy-properties-density-strength-price-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Resumo<\/span><\/h3>\n<table class=\"a\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"b\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Nome<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>Liga de Zirc\u00f4nio-Estanho<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Fase em STP<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>N\/D<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Densidade<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>6560 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>514 MPa<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>For\u00e7a de Rendimento<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>381 MPa<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>M\u00f3dulo de elasticidade de Young<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>99 GPa<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Dureza Brinell<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>89 BHN<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Ponto de fus\u00e3o<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>1850\u00b0C<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Condutividade t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>18 W\/mK<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Capacidade de calor<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"text-align: start;\"><span>285 J\/gK<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Pre\u00e7o<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>25$\/kg<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>O Zircaloy-4 foi desenvolvido a partir do Zircaloy-2 com o objetivo principal de reduzir a tend\u00eancia de capta\u00e7\u00e3o de hidrog\u00eanio.\u00a0Assim, aplicam-se as mesmas especifica\u00e7\u00f5es de composi\u00e7\u00e3o, exceto para o n\u00edquel, que est\u00e1 limitado ao m\u00e1ximo de 0,007%, e para o ferro, cuja faixa \u00e9 reduzida para 0,18%.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 50px;\"><span>95%<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zirconium-periodic-table.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-92569\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zirconium-periodic-table-150x150.png\" alt=\"Zirc\u00f4nio na Tabela Peri\u00f3dica\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zirconium-periodic-table-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zirconium-periodic-table-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 50px;\"><span>2%<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tin-periodic-table.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-92529\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Tin-periodic-table-150x150.png\" alt=\"Estanho na Tabela Peri\u00f3dica\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 50px;\"><span>0,2%<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Iron-periodic-table.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-92379\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Iron-periodic-table-150x150.png\" alt=\"Ferro na Tabela Peri\u00f3dica\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"> <\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span>Liga de zirc\u00f4nio-ni\u00f3bio<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Ligas de zirc\u00f4nio com ni\u00f3bio s\u00e3o usadas como revestimento de elementos combust\u00edveis de reatores VVER e RBMK.\u00a0Essas ligas s\u00e3o o material base do canal de montagem do reator RBMK.\u00a0A liga Zr + 1% Nb do tipo N-1 E-110 \u00e9 usada para revestimentos de elementos combust\u00edveis, a liga Zr + 2,5% Nb do tipo E-125 \u00e9 aplicada para tubos de canais de montagem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/zirconium-niobium-alloy-properties-density-strength-price.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-108651\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/zirconium-niobium-alloy-properties-density-strength-price.png\" alt=\"liga de zirc\u00f4nio ni\u00f3bio propriedades densidade for\u00e7a pre\u00e7o\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/zirconium-niobium-alloy-properties-density-strength-price.png 1000w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/zirconium-niobium-alloy-properties-density-strength-price-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/zirconium-niobium-alloy-properties-density-strength-price-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/zirconium-niobium-alloy-properties-density-strength-price-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Resumo<\/span><\/h3>\n<table class=\"a\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"b\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Nome<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>Liga de zirc\u00f4nio-ni\u00f3bio<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Fase em STP<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>N \/ D<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Densidade<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>6560 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>514 MPa<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>For\u00e7a de Rendimento<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>381 MPa<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>M\u00f3dulo de elasticidade de Young<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>99 GPa<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Dureza Brinell<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>89 BHN<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Ponto de fus\u00e3o<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>1850\u00b0C<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Condutividade t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>18 W\/mK<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Capacidade de calor<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"text-align: start;\"><span>285 J\/gK<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Pre\u00e7o<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span>25$\/kg<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>[\/lgc_column] <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 50px;\"><span>97%<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zirconium-periodic-table.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-92569\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zirconium-periodic-table-150x150.png\" alt=\"Zirc\u00f4nio na Tabela Peri\u00f3dica\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zirconium-periodic-table-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zirconium-periodic-table-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 50px;\"><span>1%<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Niobium-periodic-table.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-92424\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Niobium-periodic-table-150x150.png\" alt=\"Ni\u00f3bio na Tabela Peri\u00f3dica\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 50px;\"><span>0,2%<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oxygen-periodic-table.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-94990\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oxygen-periodic-table-150x150.png\" alt=\"Oxig\u00eanio na Tabela Peri\u00f3dica\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oxygen-periodic-table-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oxygen-periodic-table-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oxygen-periodic-table.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div> <div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"> <\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:25px 0;border-width:3px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Fragilidade por hidrog\u00eanio de ligas de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/toughness\/hydrogen-embrittlement\/\"><span>Fragilidade por hidrog\u00eanio<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/fuel-assembly\/fuel-cladding-cladding-tube\/\"><strong><span>O revestimento<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span> evita\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/fission\/fission-fragments\/\"><span>que os produtos da fiss\u00e3o radioativa<\/span><\/a><span> escapem da matriz de combust\u00edvel para o refrigerante do reator e o contaminem.\u00a0Existem v\u00e1rias <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/fuel-assembly\/fuel-cladding-cladding-tube\/loss-of-tightness-of-fuel-cladding-fuel-reliability\/\"><span>causas de falha de combust\u00edvel<\/span><\/a><span>, que foram identificadas no passado.\u00a0Nas primeiras datas das opera\u00e7\u00f5es PWR e BWR, essas causas eram predominantemente defeitos de fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o ou atrito.\u00a0Uma das poss\u00edveis causas tamb\u00e9m \u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Hidrata\u00e7\u00e3o Interna.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>A inclus\u00e3o inadvertida de materiais contendo hidrog\u00eanio dentro de uma barra de combust\u00edvel pode resultar em hidreta\u00e7\u00e3o e, portanto, fragiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do revestimento de combust\u00edvel.\u00a0As fontes de hidrog\u00eanio foram principalmente umidade residual ou contamina\u00e7\u00e3o org\u00e2nica em pastilhas\/barras de combust\u00edvel.\u00a0Essa causa de falha foi praticamente eliminada por meio de melhorias na fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Craqueamento retardado de hidretos (DHC). <\/span><\/strong><span>A trinca de hidreto retardada \u00e9 o in\u00edcio da trinca dependente do tempo e a propaga\u00e7\u00e3o atrav\u00e9s da fratura de hidretos que podem se formar \u00e0 frente da ponta da trinca.\u00a0Este tipo de falha pode ser iniciado por longas fissuras na superf\u00edcie externa do revestimento, que podem se propagar na dire\u00e7\u00e3o axial\/radial.\u00a0Esse mecanismo de falha pode potencialmente limitar a opera\u00e7\u00e3o de alta queima.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span>Propriedades da liga de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span>As propriedades dos materiais<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0s\u00e3o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>propriedades intensivas<\/span><\/strong><span>, ou seja, independem\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>da quantidade<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de massa e podem variar de um lugar para outro dentro do sistema a qualquer momento.\u00a0A base da ci\u00eancia dos materiais envolve estudar a estrutura dos materiais e relacion\u00e1-los com suas propriedades (mec\u00e2nicas, el\u00e9tricas, etc.).\u00a0Uma vez que um cientista de materiais conhe\u00e7a essa correla\u00e7\u00e3o estrutura-propriedade, ele poder\u00e1 estudar o desempenho relativo de um material em uma determinada aplica\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Os principais determinantes da estrutura de um material e, portanto, de suas propriedades s\u00e3o seus elementos qu\u00edmicos constituintes e a maneira como ele foi processado em sua forma final.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Density_of_Titanium_Alloys\"><span>Densidade da liga de zirc\u00f4nio\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>A densidade da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>liga de zirc\u00f4nio t\u00edpica<\/span><\/strong><span> \u00e9 de 6,6 g\/cm<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span> (0,24 lb\/in<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>A densidade<\/span><\/strong><span> \u00e9 definida como a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>massa por unidade de volume<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0\u00c9 uma <\/span><strong><span>propriedade intensiva<\/span><\/strong><span>, que \u00e9 matematicamente definida como massa dividida por volume:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>\u03c1 = m\/V<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Em palavras, a densidade (\u03c1) de uma subst\u00e2ncia \u00e9 a massa total (m) dessa subst\u00e2ncia dividida pelo volume total (V) ocupado por essa subst\u00e2ncia.\u00a0A unidade SI padr\u00e3o \u00e9 <\/span><strong><span>quilogramas por metro c\u00fabico<\/span><\/strong><span> (<\/span><strong><span>kg\/m<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><span>).\u00a0A unidade padr\u00e3o inglesa \u00e9 <\/span><strong><span>libras-massa por p\u00e9 c\u00fabico<\/span><\/strong><span> (<\/span><strong><span>lbm\/ft<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><span>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Como a densidade (\u03c1) de uma subst\u00e2ncia \u00e9 a massa total (m) dessa subst\u00e2ncia dividida pelo volume total (V) ocupado por essa subst\u00e2ncia, \u00e9 \u00f3bvio que a densidade de uma subst\u00e2ncia depende fortemente de sua massa at\u00f4mica e tamb\u00e9m de\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>a densidade do n\u00famero at\u00f4mico<\/span><\/strong><span> (N; \u00e1tomos\/cm<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>),<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Peso At\u00f4mico<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0A massa at\u00f4mica \u00e9 transportada pelo n\u00facleo at\u00f4mico, que ocupa apenas cerca de 10<\/span><sup><span>-12 <\/span><\/sup><span>do volume total do \u00e1tomo ou menos, mas cont\u00e9m toda a carga positiva e pelo menos 99,95% da massa total do \u00e1tomo.\u00a0Portanto, \u00e9 determinado pelo n\u00famero de massa (n\u00famero de pr\u00f3tons e n\u00eautrons).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Densidade de N\u00famero At\u00f4mico<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0A <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals\/neutron-nuclear-reactions\/atomic-number-density\/\"><span>densidade de n\u00famero at\u00f4mico<\/span><\/a><span> (N; \u00e1tomos\/cm<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>), que est\u00e1 associada aos raios at\u00f4micos, \u00e9 o n\u00famero de \u00e1tomos de um determinado tipo por unidade de volume (V; cm<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>) do material.\u00a0A densidade do n\u00famero at\u00f4mico (N; \u00e1tomos\/cm<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>) de um material puro com <\/span><strong><span>peso at\u00f4mico ou molecular <\/span><\/strong><span>(M; gramas\/mol) e a <\/span><strong><span>densidade do material<\/span><\/strong><span> (\u2374; grama\/cm<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>) \u00e9 facilmente calculada a partir da seguinte equa\u00e7\u00e3o usando o n\u00famero de Avogadro (<\/span><strong><span>N<sub>A<\/sub> = 6,022\u00d710<sup>23<\/sup><\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e1tomos ou mol\u00e9culas por mol):<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Atomic-Number-Density.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-13442 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Atomic-Number-Density.png\" alt=\"Densidade do N\u00famero At\u00f4mico\" width=\"166\" height=\"69\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Atomic-Number-Density.png\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Estrutura de cristal.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>A densidade da subst\u00e2ncia cristalina \u00e9 significativamente afetada por sua estrutura cristalina.\u00a0A estrutura FCC, junto com seu parente hexagonal (hcp), tem o fator de empacotamento mais eficiente (74%).\u00a0Metais contendo estruturas FCC incluem austenita, alum\u00ednio, cobre, chumbo, prata, ouro, n\u00edquel, platina e t\u00f3rio.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span>Propriedades mec\u00e2nicas da liga de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Os materiais s\u00e3o freq\u00fcentemente escolhidos para v\u00e1rias aplica\u00e7\u00f5es porque possuem combina\u00e7\u00f5es desej\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bde caracter\u00edsticas mec\u00e2nicas.\u00a0Para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es estruturais, as propriedades do material s\u00e3o cruciais e os engenheiros devem lev\u00e1-las em considera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span>Resist\u00eancia da liga de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Na mec\u00e2nica dos materiais, a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/what-is-strength-definition\/\"><strong><span>resist\u00eancia de um material<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 sua capacidade de suportar uma carga aplicada sem falha ou deforma\u00e7\u00e3o pl\u00e1stica.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>A resist\u00eancia dos materiais<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0considera basicamente a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre as\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>cargas externas aplicadas a um material e a\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>deforma\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0resultante\u00a0ou mudan\u00e7a nas dimens\u00f5es do material.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>A resist\u00eancia de um material<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 sua capacidade de suportar essa carga aplicada sem falha ou deforma\u00e7\u00e3o pl\u00e1stica.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span>Resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>A resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o final da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>liga de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 de cerca de 514 MPa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Yield-Strength-Ultimate-Tensile-Strength-Table-of-Materials.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-27807\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Yield-Strength-Ultimate-Tensile-Strength-Table-of-Materials-239x300.png\" alt=\"Resist\u00eancia ao escoamento - Resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e1xima - Tabela de materiais\" width=\"239\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><span>A\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/strength\/stress-strain-curve-stress-strain-diagram\/ultimate-tensile-strength-uts\/\"><strong><span>resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o final<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 o m\u00e1ximo na\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/what-is-stress-strain-curve-stress-strain-diagram-definition\/\"><span>curva de tens\u00e3o-deforma\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0de engenharia .\u00a0Isso corresponde \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>tens\u00e3o m\u00e1xima <\/span><\/strong><span>que pode ser sustentado por uma estrutura em tens\u00e3o. A resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o final \u00e9 muitas vezes abreviada para \u201cresist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d ou mesmo para \u201co m\u00e1ximo\u201d. Se essa tens\u00e3o for aplicada e mantida, ocorrer\u00e1 fratura. Freq\u00fcentemente, esse valor \u00e9 significativamente maior do que o limite de escoamento (at\u00e9 50 a 60 por cento a mais do que o rendimento de alguns tipos de metais). Quando um material d\u00factil atinge sua resist\u00eancia m\u00e1xima, ele sofre estric\u00e7\u00e3o onde a \u00e1rea da se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal \u00e9 reduzida localmente. A curva tens\u00e3o-deforma\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o cont\u00e9m tens\u00e3o maior do que a resist\u00eancia m\u00e1xima. Mesmo que as deforma\u00e7\u00f5es possam continuar a aumentar, a tens\u00e3o geralmente diminui ap\u00f3s o limite de resist\u00eancia ter sido alcan\u00e7ado. \u00c9 uma propriedade intensiva; portanto, seu valor n\u00e3o depende do tamanho do corpo de prova. Por\u00e9m, depende de outros fatores, como o preparo do corpo de prova,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>temperatura<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0do ambiente de teste e do material.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>A resist\u00eancia m\u00e1xima \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0varia de 50 MPa para um alum\u00ednio at\u00e9 3000 MPa para a\u00e7os de alta resist\u00eancia.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Yield_Strength\"><span>For\u00e7a de Rendimento<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>A resist\u00eancia ao escoamento da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>liga de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 de cerca de 381 MPa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>O <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/strength\/stress-strain-curve-stress-strain-diagram\/yield-strength-yield-point\/\"><strong><span>ponto de escoamento<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span> \u00e9 o ponto em uma\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/what-is-stress-strain-curve-stress-strain-diagram-definition\/\"><span>curva tens\u00e3o-deforma\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span> que indica o limite do comportamento el\u00e1stico e o in\u00edcio do comportamento pl\u00e1stico.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>For\u00e7a de rendimento<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ou tens\u00e3o de escoamento \u00e9 a propriedade do material definida como a tens\u00e3o na qual um material come\u00e7a a se deformar plasticamente, enquanto o ponto de escoamento \u00e9 o ponto onde come\u00e7a a deforma\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o linear (el\u00e1stica + pl\u00e1stica).\u00a0Antes do ponto de escoamento, o material se deformar\u00e1 elasticamente e retornar\u00e1 \u00e0 sua forma original quando a tens\u00e3o aplicada for removida.\u00a0Uma vez ultrapassado o ponto de escoamento, alguma fra\u00e7\u00e3o da deforma\u00e7\u00e3o ser\u00e1 permanente e irrevers\u00edvel.\u00a0Alguns a\u00e7os e outros materiais exibem um comportamento denominado fen\u00f4meno do ponto de escoamento.\u00a0As resist\u00eancias ao escoamento variam de 35 MPa para um alum\u00ednio de baixa resist\u00eancia a mais de 1400 MPa para a\u00e7os de resist\u00eancia muito alta.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span>M\u00f3dulo de elasticidade de Young<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>O m\u00f3dulo de elasticidade de Young da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>liga de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 de cerca de 99 GPa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>O\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/strength\/hookes-law\/youngs-modulus-of-elasticity\/\"><span>m\u00f3dulo de elasticidade de Young<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 o m\u00f3dulo de elasticidade para tens\u00e3o de tra\u00e7\u00e3o e compress\u00e3o no regime de elasticidade linear de uma deforma\u00e7\u00e3o uniaxial e geralmente \u00e9 avaliado por ensaios de tra\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0At\u00e9 uma tens\u00e3o limite, um corpo poder\u00e1 recuperar suas dimens\u00f5es com a retirada da carga.\u00a0As tens\u00f5es aplicadas fazem com que os \u00e1tomos em um cristal se movam de sua posi\u00e7\u00e3o de equil\u00edbrio.\u00a0Todos os\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/atom-properties-of-atoms\/\"><span>\u00e1tomos<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0s\u00e3o deslocados na mesma quantidade e ainda mant\u00eam sua geometria relativa.\u00a0Quando as tens\u00f5es s\u00e3o removidas, todos os \u00e1tomos retornam \u00e0s suas posi\u00e7\u00f5es originais e nenhuma deforma\u00e7\u00e3o permanente ocorre.\u00a0De acordo com a\u00a0<\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/what-is-hookes-law-definition\/\"><span>lei de Hooke<\/span><\/a><span>,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0a tens\u00e3o \u00e9 proporcional \u00e0 deforma\u00e7\u00e3o (na regi\u00e3o el\u00e1stica), e a inclina\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>m\u00f3dulo de Young<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0O m\u00f3dulo de Young \u00e9 igual \u00e0 tens\u00e3o longitudinal dividida pela deforma\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hookes-law-equation.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27811\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hookes-law-equation.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"164\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span>Dureza da liga de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>A dureza Rockwell da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>liga de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 de aproximadamente 89 HRB.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/table-brinell-hardness-numbers.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-28044\" src=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/table-brinell-hardness-numbers.png\" alt=\"n\u00famero de dureza Brinell\" width=\"288\" height=\"297\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>O teste de dureza Rockwell<\/span><\/strong><span> \u00e9 um dos testes de dureza de indenta\u00e7\u00e3o mais comuns, que foi desenvolvido para testes de dureza.\u00a0Em contraste com o teste Brinell, o testador Rockwell mede a profundidade de penetra\u00e7\u00e3o de um penetrador sob uma grande carga (carga principal) em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a penetra\u00e7\u00e3o feita por uma pr\u00e9-carga (carga menor).\u00a0A carga menor estabelece a posi\u00e7\u00e3o zero.\u00a0A carga principal \u00e9 aplicada e, em seguida, removida, mantendo a carga secund\u00e1ria.\u00a0A diferen\u00e7a entre a profundidade de penetra\u00e7\u00e3o antes e depois da aplica\u00e7\u00e3o da carga principal \u00e9 usada para calcular o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00famero de dureza Rockwell<\/span><\/strong><span>. Ou seja, a profundidade de penetra\u00e7\u00e3o e a dureza s\u00e3o inversamente proporcionais. A principal vantagem da dureza Rockwell \u00e9 sua capacidade de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>exibir valores de dureza diretamente<\/span><\/strong><span>. O resultado \u00e9 um n\u00famero adimensional anotado como\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>HRA, HRB, HRC<\/span><\/strong><span>, etc., onde a \u00faltima letra \u00e9 a respectiva escala Rockwell.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>O teste Rockwell C \u00e9 realizado com um penetrador Brale (<\/span><strong><span>cone de diamante de 120\u00b0<\/span><\/strong><span>) e uma carga maior de 150kg.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Propriedades T\u00e9rmicas da Liga de Zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span>As propriedades t\u00e9rmicas<\/span><\/strong><span> dos materiais referem-se \u00e0 resposta dos materiais \u00e0s mudan\u00e7as de <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/<a href=\"https:\/\/modern-physics.org\/thermodynamics\/\">thermodynamics<\/a>\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/&#8221;><span>temperatura<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0e \u00e0 aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/heat-in-physics-definition-of-heat\/\"><span>calor<\/span><\/a><span>.\u00a0\u00c0 medida que um s\u00f3lido absorve\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/<a href=\"https:\/\/modern-physics.org\/thermodynamics\/\">thermodynamics<\/a>\/what-is-energy-physics\/&#8221;><span>energia<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0na forma de calor, sua temperatura aumenta e suas dimens\u00f5es aumentam.\u00a0Mas\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>diferentes materiais reagem<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e0 aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de calor\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>de forma diferente<\/span><\/strong><span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/thermal-properties-of-materials\/specific-heat-capacity-of-materials\/\"><span>A capacidade t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/a><span>,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/thermal-properties-of-materials\/coefficient-of-thermal-expansion-of-materials\/\"><span>a expans\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/what-is-thermal-conductivity-definition\/\"><span>a condutividade t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0s\u00e3o propriedades frequentemente cr\u00edticas no uso pr\u00e1tico de s\u00f3lidos.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span>Ponto de Fus\u00e3o da Liga de Zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>O ponto de fus\u00e3o da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>liga de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 de cerca de 1850\u00b0C.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Em geral, <\/span><strong><span>a fus\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>mudan\u00e7a de fase<\/span><\/strong><span> de uma subst\u00e2ncia da fase s\u00f3lida para a fase l\u00edquida.\u00a0O\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/melting-point-of-chemical-elements\/\"><strong><span>ponto de fus\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span> de uma subst\u00e2ncia \u00e9 a temperatura na qual ocorre essa mudan\u00e7a de fase. O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ponto de fus\u00e3o <\/span><\/strong><span>tamb\u00e9m define uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o na qual o s\u00f3lido e o l\u00edquido podem existir em equil\u00edbrio.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span>Condutividade T\u00e9rmica da Liga de Zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>As ligas de zirc\u00f4nio t\u00eam condutividade t\u00e9rmica mais baixa (cerca de 18 W\/mK) do que o metal de zirc\u00f4nio puro (cerca de 22 W\/mK).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>As caracter\u00edsticas de transfer\u00eancia de calor de um material s\u00f3lido s\u00e3o medidas por uma propriedade chamada <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/what-is-thermal-conductivity-definition\/\"><strong><span>condutividade t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>, k (ou \u03bb), medida em <\/span><strong><span>W\/mK<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0\u00c9 uma medida da capacidade de uma subst\u00e2ncia de transferir calor atrav\u00e9s de um material por\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/what-is-thermal-conduction-heat-conduction-definition\/\"><span>condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>.\u00a0Observe que\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/what-is-fouriers-law-of-thermal-conduction-definition\/\"><strong><span>a lei de Fourier<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span> se aplica a toda mat\u00e9ria, independentemente de seu estado (s\u00f3lido, l\u00edquido ou gasoso), portanto, tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 definida para l\u00edquidos e gases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/what-is-thermal-conductivity-definition\/\"><strong><span>condutividade t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span> da maioria dos l\u00edquidos e s\u00f3lidos varia com a temperatura.\u00a0Para vapores, tamb\u00e9m depende da press\u00e3o.\u00a0Em geral:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/thermal-conductivity-definition.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20041\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/thermal-conductivity-definition.png\" alt=\"condutividade t\u00e9rmica - defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"225\" height=\"75\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>A maioria dos materiais s\u00e3o quase homog\u00eaneos, portanto podemos geralmente escrever <\/span><strong><span>k = k (T)<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Defini\u00e7\u00f5es semelhantes est\u00e3o associadas \u00e0s condutividades t\u00e9rmicas nas dire\u00e7\u00f5es y e z (ky, kz), mas para um material isotr\u00f3pico a condutividade t\u00e9rmica \u00e9 independente da dire\u00e7\u00e3o de transfer\u00eancia, kx = ky = kz = k.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span><div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Refer\u00eancias:<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais:<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Departamento de Energia dos EUA, Ci\u00eancia de Materiais.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 e 2. Janeiro de 1993.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Departamento de Energia dos EUA, Ci\u00eancia de Materiais.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 e 2. Janeiro de 1993.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>William D. Callister, David G. Rethwisch.\u00a0Ci\u00eancia e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o 9\u00aa Edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Wiley;\u00a09 edi\u00e7\u00e3o (4 de dezembro de 2013), ISBN-13: 978-1118324578.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Eberhart, Mark (2003).\u00a0Por que as coisas quebram: entendendo o mundo pela maneira como ele se desfaz.\u00a0Harmonia.\u00a0ISBN 978-1-4000-4760-4.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Gaskell, David R. (1995).\u00a0Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Termodin\u00e2mica dos Materiais (4\u00aa ed.).\u00a0Editora Taylor e Francis.\u00a0ISBN 978-1-56032-992-3.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Gonz\u00e1lez-Vi\u00f1as, W. &amp; Mancini, HL (2004).\u00a0Uma Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais.\u00a0Princeton University Press.\u00a0ISBN 978-0-691-07097-1.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Ashby, Michael;\u00a0Hugh Shercliff;\u00a0David Cebon (2007).\u00a0Materiais: engenharia, ci\u00eancia, processamento e design (1\u00aa ed.).\u00a0Butterworth-Heinemann.\u00a0ISBN 978-0-7506-8391-3.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>JR Lamarsh, AJ Baratta, Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Engenharia Nuclear, 3\u00aa ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.<\/span><br \/>\n<span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-default\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span>Veja acima:<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Ligas<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/metals-what-are-metals\/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d\"><\/i> <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Esperamos que este artigo,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Ligas de zirc\u00f4nio<\/span><\/strong><span>, ajude voc\u00ea.\u00a0Se sim,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>d\u00ea um like<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0na barra lateral.\u00a0O objetivo principal deste site \u00e9 ajudar o p\u00fablico a aprender algumas informa\u00e7\u00f5es interessantes e importantes sobre materiais e suas propriedades.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Liga de zirc\u00f4nio-ni\u00f3bio Ligas de zirc\u00f4nio com ni\u00f3bio s\u00e3o usadas como revestimento de elementos combust\u00edveis de reatores VVER e RBMK.\u00a0Essas ligas s\u00e3o o material base do canal de montagem do reator RBMK.\u00a0A liga Zr + 1% Nb do tipo N-1 E-110 \u00e9 usada para revestimentos de elementos combust\u00edveis, a liga Zr + 2,5% Nb do &#8230; <a title=\"O que s\u00e3o Ligas de Zirc\u00f4nio &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/pt-br\/o-que-sao-ligas-de-zirconio-definicao\/\">Ler mais&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que s\u00e3o Ligas de Zirc\u00f4nio - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o | Propriedades do material<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"As ligas de zirc\u00f4nio s\u00e3o amplamente utilizadas como revestimento para combust\u00edveis de reatores nucleares. 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