Nick Connor

About Diamond

Diamond is a form of carbon that is crystallised in a cubic structure with each carbon atom linked by a strong, rigid chemical bond to four other atoms. Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known. Yet, due to important structural weaknesses, diamond’s toughness is only fair to good. The precise tensile strength of diamond is unknown, however strength up to 60 GPa has been observed, and theoretically it could be as high as 90–225 GPa depending on the sample volume/size, the perfection of diamond lattice and on its orientation. Diamond has a high refractive index (2.417) and moderate dispersion (0.044) properties that give cut diamonds their brilliance.

Summary

Name	Diamond
Phase at STP	solid
Density	3500 kg/m3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	140000 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	1050 GPa
Brinell Hardness	45000 BHN
Melting Point	4027 °C
Thermal Conductivity	1000 W/mK
Heat Capacity	1509 J/g K
Price	20000000 $/kg

Composition of Diamond

Diamond is the allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the specific type of cubic lattice called diamond cubic. Diamond is extremely strong owing to its crystal structure, known as diamond cubic, in which each carbon atom has four neighbors covalently bonded to it.

Applications of Diamond

The most familiar uses of diamonds today are as gemstones used for adornment, and as industrial abrasives for cutting hard materials. The markets for gem-grade and industrial-grade diamonds value diamonds differently. In industry, diamonds applications include oil drilling bits, rock drill cutters, wire drawing dies, extrusion dies, cutting tool inserts, optical grinding tools, coatings for computer hard discs and coatings for ball bearings. Diamond is a wide-band gap semiconductor (Egap = 5.47 eV) with high potential as an electronic device material in many devices. Because diamond has such high thermal conductance it is already used in semiconductor manufacture to prevent silicon and other semiconducting materials from overheating.

Mechanical Properties of Diamond

Strength of Diamond

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape.

Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation. For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. In case of tensional stress of a uniform bar (stress-strain curve), the Hooke’s law describes behaviour of a bar in the elastic region. The Young’s modulus of elasticity is the elastic modulus for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation and is usually assessed by tensile tests.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Diamond

Ultimate tensile strength of Diamond is N/A.

Yield Strength of Diamond

Yield strength of Diamond is 140000 MPa (Compressive).

Modulus of Elasticity of Diamond

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Diamond is 1050 GPa.

Hardness of Diamond

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

The Brinell hardness number (HB) is the load divided by the surface area of the indentation. The diameter of the impression is measured with a microscope with a superimposed scale. The Brinell hardness number is computed from the equation:

Brinell hardness of Diamond is approximately 45000 BHN (converted).

See also: Hardness of Materials

Thermal Properties of Diamond

Diamond – Melting Point

Melting point of Diamond is 4027 °C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. For various chemical compounds and alloys, it is difficult to define the melting point, since they are usually a mixture of various chemical elements.

Diamond – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Diamond is 1000 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends upon pressure. In general:

Most materials are very nearly homogeneous, therefore we can usually write k = k (T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k.

Diamond – Specific Heat

Specific heat of Diamond is 509 J/g K.

Specific heat, or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics. The intensive properties c_v and c_p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u(T, v) and enthalpy h(T, p), respectively:

where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation. The properties c_v and c_p are referred to as specific heats (or heat capacities) because under certain special conditions they relate the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Their SI units are J/kg K or J/mol K.

Properties and prices of other materials

material-table-in-8k-resolution

About Porcelain

Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including a material like kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C. Porcelain and stoneware materialsare about as resistant to acids and chemicals as glass, but with greater strength. This is offset by a greater potential for thermal shock.

Summary

Name	Porcelain
Phase at STP	solid
Density	2400 kg/m3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	29 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Brinell Hardness	7 Mohs
Melting Point	1927 °C
Thermal Conductivity	1.5 W/mK
Heat Capacity	1050 J/g K
Price	20 $/kg

Composition of Porcelain

Kaolin is the primary material from which porcelain is made, even though clay minerals might account for only a small proportion of the whole. Kaolinite is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4.

Applications of Porcelain

Though definitions vary, porcelain can be divided into three main categories: hard-paste, soft-paste and bone china. In China, porcelain is defined as pottery that is resonant when struck. Porcelain can be used as a building material, usually in the form of tiles or large rectangular panels. Porcelain and other ceramic materials have many applications in engineering, especially ceramic engineering. Porcelain is an excellent insulator for use with high voltages, especially in outdoor applications.

Mechanical Properties of Porcelain

Strength of Porcelain

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape.

Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation. For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. In case of tensional stress of a uniform bar (stress-strain curve), the Hooke’s law describes behaviour of a bar in the elastic region. The Young’s modulus of elasticity is the elastic modulus for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation and is usually assessed by tensile tests.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Porcelain

Ultimate tensile strength of Porcelain is 29 MPa.

Yield Strength of Porcelain

Yield strength of Porcelain is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Porcelain

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Porcelain is N/A.

Hardness of Porcelain

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

The Brinell hardness number (HB) is the load divided by the surface area of the indentation. The diameter of the impression is measured with a microscope with a superimposed scale. The Brinell hardness number is computed from the equation:

Hardness of Porcelain is approximately 7 Mohs.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Thermal Properties of Porcelain

Porcelain – Melting Point

Melting point of Porcelain is 1927 °C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. For various chemical compounds and alloys, it is difficult to define the melting point, since they are usually a mixture of various chemical elements.

Porcelain – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Porcelain is 1.5 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends upon pressure. In general:

Most materials are very nearly homogeneous, therefore we can usually write k = k (T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k.

Porcelain – Specific Heat

Specific heat of Porcelain is 1050 J/g K.

Specific heat, or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics. The intensive properties c_v and c_p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u(T, v) and enthalpy h(T, p), respectively:

where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation. The properties c_v and c_p are referred to as specific heats (or heat capacities) because under certain special conditions they relate the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Their SI units are J/kg K or J/mol K.

Properties and prices of other materials

material-table-in-8k-resolution

About Brick

Bricks are structural clay products, manufactured as standard units, used in building construction. Three basic types of brick are un-fired, fired, and chemically set bricks. Each type is manufactured differently. Fired bricks are burned in a kiln which makes them durable. Modern, fired, clay bricks are formed in one of three processes – soft mud, dry press, or extruded. Depending on the country, either the extruded or soft mud method is the most common, since they are the most economical.

Summary

Name	Brick
Phase at STP	solid
Density	1700 kg/m3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	2.8 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	1727 °C
Thermal Conductivity	1.31 W/mK
Heat Capacity	800 J/g K
Price	0.2 $/kg

Composition of Brick

Normally, bricks contain the following ingredients: Silica (sand) – 50% to 60% by weight; Alumina (clay) – 20% to 30% by weight; Lime – 2 to 5% by weight; Iron oxide – ≤ 7% by weight.

Applications of Brick

Bricks are most often used for both buildings and pavements. Bricks in the metallurgy and glass industries are often used for lining furnaces, in particular refractory bricks such as silica, magnesia, chamotte and neutral (chromomagnesite) refractory bricks.

Mechanical Properties of Brick

Strength of Brick

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape.

Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation. For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. In case of tensional stress of a uniform bar (stress-strain curve), the Hooke’s law describes behaviour of a bar in the elastic region. The Young’s modulus of elasticity is the elastic modulus for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation and is usually assessed by tensile tests.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Brick

Ultimate tensile strength of Brick is 2.8 MPa.

Yield Strength of Brick

Yield strength of Brick is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Brick

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Brick is N/A.

Hardness of Brick

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

The Brinell hardness number (HB) is the load divided by the surface area of the indentation. The diameter of the impression is measured with a microscope with a superimposed scale. The Brinell hardness number is computed from the equation:

Brinell hardness of Brick is approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Thermal Properties of Brick

Brick – Melting Point

Melting point of Brick is 1727 °C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. For various chemical compounds and alloys, it is difficult to define the melting point, since they are usually a mixture of various chemical elements.

Brick – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Brick is 1.31 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends upon pressure. In general:

Most materials are very nearly homogeneous, therefore we can usually write k = k (T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k.

Brick – Specific Heat

Specific heat of Brick is 800 J/g K.

Specific heat, or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics. The intensive properties c_v and c_p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u(T, v) and enthalpy h(T, p), respectively:

where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation. The properties c_v and c_p are referred to as specific heats (or heat capacities) because under certain special conditions they relate the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Their SI units are J/kg K or J/mol K.

Properties and prices of other materials

material-table-in-8k-resolution

About Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air. It is relatively nontoxic and noncombustible, but it is heavier than air and may asphyxiate by the displacement of air. When CO2 is solved in water, the mild carbonic acid, is formed. Cooled CO2 in solid form is called dry ice. Carbon dioxide is a minor component of Earth’s atmosphere but important constituent of air. It is a necessary raw material for most plant life, which remove carbon dioxide from air using the process of photosynthesis. A typical concentration of CO2 in air is currently about 0.040% or 404 ppm. The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide rises and falls in a seasonal pattern over a range of about 6 ppmv. The concentration of CO2 in air has also been steadily increasing from year to year for over 70 years. The current rate of increase is about 2.5 ppm per year.

Summary

Name	Carbon Dioxide
Phase at STP	gaseous
Density	2 kg/m3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	-57 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0166 W/mK
Heat Capacity	840 J/g K
Price	2 $/kg

Composition of Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms.

Applications of Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. The compound has varied commercial uses but one of its greatest uses as a chemical is in the production of carbonated beverages; it provides the sparkle in carbonated beverages such as soda water, beer and sparkling wine. Carbon dioxide also is used as a refrigerant, in fire extinguishers, for inflating life rafts and life jackets, blasting coal, foaming rubber and plastics, promoting the growth of plants in greenhouses. Carbon dioxide is also used as an atmosphere for welding, although in the welding arc, it reacts to oxidize most metals. Use in the automotive industry is common despite significant evidence that welds made in carbon dioxide are more brittle than those made in more inert atmospheres.

 

Thermal Properties of Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide – Melting Point

Melting point of Carbon Dioxide is -57 °C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. For various chemical compounds and alloys, it is difficult to define the melting point, since they are usually a mixture of various chemical elements.

Carbon Dioxide – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Carbon Dioxide is 0.0166 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends upon pressure. In general:

Most materials are very nearly homogeneous, therefore we can usually write k = k (T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k.

Carbon Dioxide – Specific Heat

Specific heat of Carbon Dioxide is 840 J/g K.

Specific heat, or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics. The intensive properties c_v and c_p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u(T, v) and enthalpy h(T, p), respectively:

where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation. The properties c_v and c_p are referred to as specific heats (or heat capacities) because under certain special conditions they relate the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Their SI units are J/kg K or J/mol K.

Properties and prices of other materials

material-table-in-8k-resolution

About Polypropylene

Polypropylene have properties that are similar to polyethylene, but it is slightly harder and more heat resistant. It is a white, mechanically rugged material and has a high chemical resistance. Polypropylene is recyclable and has the number “5” as its resin identification code.

Summary

Name	Polypropylene
Phase at STP	solid
Density	900 kg/m3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	27 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	1.3 GPa
Brinell Hardness	50 BHN
Melting Point	337 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.2 W/mK
Heat Capacity	1700 J/g K
Price	1.1 $/kg

Composition of Polypropylene

It is similar to polyethylene in structure except for the substitution of one hydrogen group with a methyl group on every other carbon.

Applications of Polypropylene

Polypropylene is a versatile polymer used in applications from films to fibers. Polypropylene is the second-most widely produced commodity plastic (after polyethylene). In 2019, the global market for polypropylene was worth $126.03 billion. Polypropylene has many applications. Injection molding applications cover a broad range from automotive uses such as dome lights, kick panels, and car battery cases to luggage and washing machine parts. Filled PP can be used in automotive applications such as mounts and engine covers.

Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene

Strength of Polypropylene

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape.

Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation. For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. In case of tensional stress of a uniform bar (stress-strain curve), the Hooke’s law describes behaviour of a bar in the elastic region. The Young’s modulus of elasticity is the elastic modulus for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation and is usually assessed by tensile tests.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Polypropylene

Ultimate tensile strength of Polypropylene is 27 MPa.

Yield Strength of Polypropylene

Yield strength of Polypropylene is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Polypropylene

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Polypropylene is 1.3 MPa.

Hardness of Polypropylene

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

The Brinell hardness number (HB) is the load divided by the surface area of the indentation. The diameter of the impression is measured with a microscope with a superimposed scale. The Brinell hardness number is computed from the equation:

Brinell hardness of Polypropylene is approximately 50 BHN (converted).

See also: Hardness of Materials

Thermal Properties of Polypropylene

Polypropylene  – Melting Point

Melting point of Polypropylene is 337 °C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. For various chemical compounds and alloys, it is difficult to define the melting point, since they are usually a mixture of various chemical elements.

Polypropylene – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Polypropylene is 0.2 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends upon pressure. In general:

Most materials are very nearly homogeneous, therefore we can usually write k = k (T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k.

Polypropylene – Specific Heat

Specific heat of Polypropylene is 1700 J/g K.

Specific heat, or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics. The intensive properties c_v and c_p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u(T, v) and enthalpy h(T, p), respectively:

where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation. The properties c_v and c_p are referred to as specific heats (or heat capacities) because under certain special conditions they relate the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Their SI units are J/kg K or J/mol K.

Properties and prices of other materials

material-table-in-8k-resolution

About Polyethylene

Polyethylene is a whitish, semi-crystalline, and effectively opaque engineering thermoplastic. Polyethylene is classified by its density and branching. From low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Its mechanical properties depend significantly on variables such as the extent and type of branching, the crystal structure, and the molecular weight.

Summary

Name	Polyethylene
Phase at STP	solid
Density	950 kg/m3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	30 MPa
Yield Strength	20 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	1 GPa
Brinell Hardness	40 BHN
Melting Point	317 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.5 W/mK
Heat Capacity	1550 J/g K
Price	0.9 $/kg

Composition of Polyethylene

Its repeat structure is (-CH2CH2-)x, which is written as polyethylene rather than polymethylene (-CH2)x, in deference to the various ethylene polymerization mechanisms. PE has a deceptive simplicity.

Applications of Polyethylene

Polyethylene (PE) is the highest-volume polymer in the world. Its high toughness, ductility, excellent chemical resistance, low water vapor permeability, and very low water absorption, combined the ease with which it can be processed, make PE of all different density grades an attractive choice for a variety of goods. As of 2017, over 100 million tonnes of polyethylene resins are being produced annually, accounting for 34% of the total plastics market. PE is limited by its relatively low modulus, yield stress, and melting point. PE is used to make containers, bottles, film, and pipes, among other things. LDPE combines high impact strength, toughness, and ductility to make it the material of choice for packaging films, which is one mof its largest applications.

Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene

Strength of Polyethylene

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape.

Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation. For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. In case of tensional stress of a uniform bar (stress-strain curve), the Hooke’s law describes behaviour of a bar in the elastic region. The Young’s modulus of elasticity is the elastic modulus for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation and is usually assessed by tensile tests.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Polyethylene

Ultimate tensile strength of Polyethylene is 30 MPa.

Yield Strength of Polyethylene

Yield strength of Polyethylene is 20 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Polyethylene

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Polyethylene is 1 MPa.

Hardness of Polyethylene

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

The Brinell hardness number (HB) is the load divided by the surface area of the indentation. The diameter of the impression is measured with a microscope with a superimposed scale. The Brinell hardness number is computed from the equation:

Brinell hardness of Polyethylene is approximately 40 BHN (converted).

See also: Hardness of Materials

Thermal Properties of Polyethylene

Polyethylene  – Melting Point

Melting point of Polyethylene is 317 °C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. For various chemical compounds and alloys, it is difficult to define the melting point, since they are usually a mixture of various chemical elements.

Polyethylene – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Polyethylene is 0.5 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends upon pressure. In general:

Most materials are very nearly homogeneous, therefore we can usually write k = k (T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k.

Polyethylene – Specific Heat

Specific heat of Polyethylene is 1550 J/g K.

Specific heat, or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics. The intensive properties c_v and c_p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u(T, v) and enthalpy h(T, p), respectively:

where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation. The properties c_v and c_p are referred to as specific heats (or heat capacities) because under certain special conditions they relate the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Their SI units are J/kg K or J/mol K.

Properties and prices of other materials

material-table-in-8k-resolution

About Carbon Fiber

Carbon fiber is a polymer that is is a very strong material that is also very lightweight. Carbon fibers have several advantages including high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion. Carbon fiber is five-times stronger than steel and twice as stiff. Though carbon fiber is stronger and stiffer than steel, it is lighter than steel; making it the ideal manufacturing material for many parts. Carbon fibers are usually combined with other materials to form a composite.

Summary

Name	Carbon Fiber
Phase at STP	solid
Density	2000 kg/m3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	4000 MPa
Yield Strength	2500 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	500 GPa
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	3657 °C
Thermal Conductivity	100 W/mK
Heat Capacity	800 J/g K
Price	22 $/kg

Composition of Carbon Fiber

To produce a carbon fiber, the carbon atoms are bonded together in crystals that are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber as the crystal alignment gives the fiber high strength-to-volume ratio (in other words, it is strong for its size). Several thousand carbon fibers are bundled together to form a tow, which may be used by itself or woven into a fabric.

Applications of Carbon Fiber

Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly the class of materials known as carbon fiber or graphite reinforced polymers. Carbon fiber can have higher cost than other materials which has been one of the limiting factors of adoption. In a comparison between steel and carbon fiber materials for automotive materials, carbon fiber may be 10-12x more expensive. The increasing use of carbon fiber composites is displacing aluminum from aerospace applications in favor of other metals because of galvanic corrosion issues.

Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber

Strength of Carbon Fiber

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape.

Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation. For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. In case of tensional stress of a uniform bar (stress-strain curve), the Hooke’s law describes behaviour of a bar in the elastic region. The Young’s modulus of elasticity is the elastic modulus for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation and is usually assessed by tensile tests.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Carbon Fiber

Ultimate tensile strength of Carbon Fibre is 4000 MPa.

Yield Strength of Carbon Fiber

Yield strength of Carbon Fibre is 2500 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Carbon Fiber

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Carbon Fibre is 500 MPa.

Hardness of Carbon Fiber

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

The Brinell hardness number (HB) is the load divided by the surface area of the indentation. The diameter of the impression is measured with a microscope with a superimposed scale. The Brinell hardness number is computed from the equation:

Brinell hardness of Carbon Fiber is approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Thermal Properties of Carbon Fiber

Carbon Fiber – Melting Point

Melting point of Carbon Fiber is 3657 °C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. For various chemical compounds and alloys, it is difficult to define the melting point, since they are usually a mixture of various chemical elements.

Carbon Fiber – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Carbon Fiber is 100 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends upon pressure. In general:

Most materials are very nearly homogeneous, therefore we can usually write k = k (T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k.

Carbon Fiber – Specific Heat

Specific heat of Carbon Fiber is 800 J/g K.

Specific heat, or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics. The intensive properties c_v and c_p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u(T, v) and enthalpy h(T, p), respectively:

where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation. The properties c_v and c_p are referred to as specific heats (or heat capacities) because under certain special conditions they relate the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Their SI units are J/kg K or J/mol K.

Properties and prices of other materials

material-table-in-8k-resolution

About Graphite

Graphite is a crystalline form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a hexagonal structure. Its uncommon combination of properties is due to graphite’s crystalline structure. The carbon atoms are set hexagonally in a planar condensed ring system. The layers are stacked parallel to each other. The atoms within the rings are bonded covalently, while the layers are loosely linked together by van der Waals forces. It occurs naturally in this form and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Although graphite is flexible, it is not elastic and has high electrical and thermal conductivity. It is also chemically inert and highly refractory. Since graphite displays low adsorption of X-rays and neutrons, it is very valuable in nuclear applications.

Summary

Name	Graphite
Phase at STP	solid
Density	2260 kg/m3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	14 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	11.5 GPa
Brinell Hardness	5 BHN
Melting Point	3600 °C
Thermal Conductivity	200 W/mK
Heat Capacity	720 J/g K
Price	3 $/kg

Composition of Graphite

Its uncommon combination of properties is due to graphite’s crystalline structure. The carbon atoms are set hexagonally in a planar condensed ring system. The layers are stacked parallel to each other. The atoms within the rings are bonded covalently, while the layers are loosely linked together by van der Waals forces. It occurs naturally in this form and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions.

Applications of Graphite

Graphite properties determine the variety of the areas of its applications in industry, transport, energetics, defence, medicine, science, sport. On account of its high-temperature stability and chemical inertness, graphite is the perfect candidate for refractory material. According to the USGS, US natural graphite consumption in refractories comprised 12,500 tonnes in 2010. Carbon brushes for electrical motors are manufactured from high purity synthetic graphite. High-purity graphite is also used in nuclear reactors as an neutron moderator. This is due to its very low absorption cross-section. Natural graphite in steelmaking mostly goes into raising the carbon content in molten steel.

Mechanical Properties of Graphite

Strength of Graphite

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape.

Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation. For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. In case of tensional stress of a uniform bar (stress-strain curve), the Hooke’s law describes behaviour of a bar in the elastic region. The Young’s modulus of elasticity is the elastic modulus for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation and is usually assessed by tensile tests.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Graphite

Ultimate tensile strength of Graphite is 14 MPa.

Yield Strength of Graphite

Yield strength of Graphite is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Graphite is 11.5 MPa.

Hardness of Graphite

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

The Brinell hardness number (HB) is the load divided by the surface area of the indentation. The diameter of the impression is measured with a microscope with a superimposed scale. The Brinell hardness number is computed from the equation:

Brinell hardness of Graphite is approximately 5 BHN (converted).

See also: Hardness of Materials

Thermal Properties of Graphite

Graphite – Melting Point

Melting point of Graphite is 3600 °C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. For various chemical compounds and alloys, it is difficult to define the melting point, since they are usually a mixture of various chemical elements.

Graphite – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Graphite is 200 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends upon pressure. In general:

Most materials are very nearly homogeneous, therefore we can usually write k = k (T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k.

Graphite – Specific Heat

Specific heat of Graphite is 720 J/g K.

Specific heat, or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics. The intensive properties c_v and c_p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u(T, v) and enthalpy h(T, p), respectively:

where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation. The properties c_v and c_p are referred to as specific heats (or heat capacities) because under certain special conditions they relate the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Their SI units are J/kg K or J/mol K.

Properties and prices of other materials

material-table-in-8k-resolution

About Boron Carbide

Boron carbide (chemical formula approximately B4C) is an extremely hard boron–carbon ceramic and covalent material. It is one of the hardest materials known, ranking third behind diamond and cubic boron nitride. It is the hardest material produced in tonnage quantities.

Summary

Name	Boron Carbide
Phase at STP	solid
Density	2520 kg/m3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	500 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	460 GPa
Brinell Hardness	40000 BHN
Melting Point	2427 °C
Thermal Conductivity	30 W/mK
Heat Capacity	1000 J/g K
Price	160 $/kg

Composition of Boron Carbide

Boron carbide, (B4C), crystalline compound of boron and carbon. Boron carbide has a complex crystal structure typical of icosahedron-based borides.

Applications of Boron Carbide

Due to its high hardness, boron carbide powder is used as an abrasive in polishing and lapping applications, and also as a loose abrasive in cutting applications such as water jet cutting. Because of its hardness, together with its very low density, it has found application as a reinforcing agent for aluminum in military armour and high-performance bicycles, and its wear resistance has caused it to be employed in sandblasting nozzles and pump seals. Boron carbide is also used in control rods in nuclear reactors.

Mechanical Properties of Boron Carbide

Strength of Boron Carbide

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape.

Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation. For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. In case of tensional stress of a uniform bar (stress-strain curve), the Hooke’s law describes behaviour of a bar in the elastic region. The Young’s modulus of elasticity is the elastic modulus for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation and is usually assessed by tensile tests.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Boron Carbide

Ultimate tensile strength of Boron Carbide is 500 MPa.

Yield Strength of Boron Carbide

Yield strength of Boron Carbide is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Boron Carbide

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Boron Carbide is 460 MPa.

Hardness of Boron Carbide

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

The Brinell hardness number (HB) is the load divided by the surface area of the indentation. The diameter of the impression is measured with a microscope with a superimposed scale. The Brinell hardness number is computed from the equation:

Brinell hardness of Boron Carbide is approximately 40000 BHN (converted).

See also: Hardness of Materials

Thermal Properties of Boron Carbide

Boron Carbide – Melting Point

Melting point of Boron Carbide is 2427 °C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. For various chemical compounds and alloys, it is difficult to define the melting point, since they are usually a mixture of various chemical elements.

Boron Carbide – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Boron Carbide is 30 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends upon pressure. In general:

Most materials are very nearly homogeneous, therefore we can usually write k = k (T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k.

Boron Carbide – Specific Heat

Specific heat of Boron Carbide is 1000 J/g K.

Specific heat, or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics. The intensive properties c_v and c_p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u(T, v) and enthalpy h(T, p), respectively:

where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation. The properties c_v and c_p are referred to as specific heats (or heat capacities) because under certain special conditions they relate the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Their SI units are J/kg K or J/mol K.

Properties and prices of other materials

material-table-in-8k-resolution

About Glass

Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid. Glasses have widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optics. Since glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid, it is usually formed by the solidification of a melt without crystallisation. Glass is made by cooling molten ingredients such as silica sand with sufficient rapidity to prevent the formation of visible crystals. In some older books, the term has been used synonymously with glass. Nowadays, “glassy solid” or “amorphous solid” is considered to be the overarching concept, and glass the more special case: Glass is an amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition. The glass you encounter most often is silicate glass, which consists mainly of silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2.

Summary

Name	Glass
Phase at STP	solid
Density	2500 kg/m3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	7 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	80 GPa
Brinell Hardness	1550 BHN
Melting Point	1700 °C
Thermal Conductivity	1.05 W/mK
Heat Capacity	840 J/g K
Price	5 $/kg

Composition of Glass

The glass you encounter most often is silicate glass, which consists mainly of silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a common fundamental constituent of glass. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, “soda”) is a common additive and acts to lowers the glass-transition temperature.

Applications of Glass

Glasses have widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optics. Soda-lime sheet glass is typically used as transparent glazing material, typically as windows in external walls of buildings. Glass is an essential component of tableware and is typically used for water, beer and wine drinking glasses. Glass is a ubiquitous material in optics by virtue of its ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light.

Mechanical Properties of Glass

Strength of Glass

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape.

Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation. For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. In case of tensional stress of a uniform bar (stress-strain curve), the Hooke’s law describes behaviour of a bar in the elastic region. The Young’s modulus of elasticity is the elastic modulus for tensile and compressive stress in the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation and is usually assessed by tensile tests.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Glass

Ultimate tensile strength of Glass is 7 MPa.

Yield Strength of Glass

Yield strength of Glass is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Glass

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Glass is 80 MPa.

Hardness of Glass

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

The Brinell hardness number (HB) is the load divided by the surface area of the indentation. The diameter of the impression is measured with a microscope with a superimposed scale. The Brinell hardness number is computed from the equation:

Brinell hardness of Glass is approximately 1550 BHN (converted).

See also: Hardness of Materials

Thermal Properties of Glass

Glass – Melting Point

Melting point of Glass is 1700 °C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. For various chemical compounds and alloys, it is difficult to define the melting point, since they are usually a mixture of various chemical elements.

Glass – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Glass is 1.05 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends upon pressure. In general:

Most materials are very nearly homogeneous, therefore we can usually write k = k (T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k.

Glass – Specific Heat

Specific heat of Glass is 840 J/g K.

Specific heat, or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics. The intensive properties c_v and c_p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u(T, v) and enthalpy h(T, p), respectively:

where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation. The properties c_v and c_p are referred to as specific heats (or heat capacities) because under certain special conditions they relate the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Their SI units are J/kg K or J/mol K.

Properties and prices of other materials

material-table-in-8k-resolution