Nick Connor, Autor Material Properties

Strontium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Strontium is an alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically.

Summary

Element	Strontium
Atomic number	38
Atomic mass [amu]	87.62
Atomic mass [pm]	195
Density at STP [g/cm3]	2.63
Number of protons	38
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	84; 86-88
Number of electrons	38
Electron configuration	[Kr] 5s2
Oxidation states	+2
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	5.03
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	0.95
First ionization energy [eV]	5.6948

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Strontium

Strontium is a chemical element with atomic number 38 which means there are 38 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z.

For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Strontium are 84; 86-88.

Atomic Mass of Strontium

Atomic mass of Strontium is 87.62 u.

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10^-12of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.

Atomic Radius of Strontium

The atomic radius of Strontium atom is 195pm (covalent radius).

It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Strontium is 38. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.

Electron configuration of Strontium is [Kr] 5s2.

Possible oxidation states are +2.

Density of Strontium

Density of Strontium is 2.63g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Strontium

Electron affinity of Strontium is 5.03 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

Electronegativity of Strontium

Electronegativity of Strontium is 0.95.

Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.

The electronegativity of Strontium is: χ = 0.95

First Ionization Energy of Strontium

First Ionization Energy of Strontium is 5.6948 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Strontium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Sr + IE → Sr⁺ + e⁻ IE = 5.6948 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Strontium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Strontium

Rubidium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group, with an atomic mass of 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other alkali metals, including rapid oxidation in air.

Summary

Element	Rubidium
Atomic number	37
Atomic mass [amu]	85.4678
Atomic mass [pm]	220
Density at STP [g/cm3]	1.532
Number of protons	37
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	85; 87
Number of electrons	37
Electron configuration	[Kr] 5s1
Oxidation states	+1
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	46.9
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	0.82
First ionization energy [eV]	4.1771

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Rubidium

Rubidium is a chemical element with atomic number 37 which means there are 37 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Rubidium

Atomic mass of Rubidium is 85.4678 u.

Atomic Radius of Rubidium

The atomic radius of Rubidium atom is 220pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Rubidium is 37. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Rubidium is [Kr] 5s1.

Possible oxidation states are +1.

Density of Rubidium

Density of Rubidium is 1.532g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Rubidium

Electron affinity of Rubidium is 46.9 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Rubidium

Electronegativity of Rubidium is 0.82.

The electronegativity of Rubidium is: χ = 0.82

First Ionization Energy of Rubidium

First Ionization Energy of Rubidium is 4.1771 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Rubidium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Rb + IE → Rb⁺ + e⁻ IE = 4.1771 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Rubidium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Rubidium

Krypton – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Krypton is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps.

Summary

Element	Krypton
Atomic number	36
Atomic mass [amu]	83.798
Atomic mass [pm]	116
Density at STP [g/cm3]	0.00375
Number of protons	36
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	80; 82-84; 86
Number of electrons	36
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
Oxidation states	0
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	—
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	3
First ionization energy [eV]	13.9996

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Krypton

Krypton is a chemical element with atomic number 36 which means there are 36 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Krypton

Atomic mass of Krypton is 83.798 u.

Atomic Radius of Krypton

The atomic radius of Krypton atom is 116pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Krypton is 36. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Krypton is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6.

Possible oxidation states are 0.

Density of Krypton

Density of Krypton is 0.00375g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Krypton

Electron affinity of Krypton is — kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Krypton

Electronegativity of Krypton is 3.

The electronegativity of Krypton is: χ = 3

First Ionization Energy of Krypton

First Ionization Energy of Krypton is 13.9996 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Krypton atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Kr + IE → Kr⁺ + e⁻ IE = 13.9996 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Krypton - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Krypton

Bromine – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Bromine is the third-lightest halogen, and is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured gas. Its properties are thus intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine.

Summary

Element	Bromine
Atomic number	35
Atomic mass [amu]	79.904
Atomic mass [pm]	120
Density at STP [g/cm3]	3.12
Number of protons	35
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	79; 81
Number of electrons	35
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
Oxidation states	+1,3,5/-1
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	324.6
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	2.96
First ionization energy [eV]	11.8138

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Bromine

Bromine is a chemical element with atomic number 35 which means there are 35 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Bromine

Atomic mass of Bromine is 79.904 u.

Atomic Radius of Bromine

The atomic radius of Bromine atom is 120pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Bromine is 35. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Bromine is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5.

Possible oxidation states are +1,3,5/-1.

Density of Bromine

Density of Bromine is 3.12g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Bromine

Electron affinity of Bromine is 324.6 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Bromine

Electronegativity of Bromine is 2.96.

The electronegativity of Bromine is: χ = 2.96

First Ionization Energy of Bromine

First Ionization Energy of Bromine is 11.8138 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Bromine atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Br + IE → Br⁺ + e⁻ IE = 11.8138 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Bromine - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Bromine

Selenium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Selenium is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below in the periodic table, sulfur and tellurium, and also has similarities to arsenic. It rarely occurs in its elemental state or as pure ore compounds in the Earth’s crust.

Summary

Element	Selenium
Atomic number	34
Atomic mass [amu]	78.96
Atomic mass [pm]	120
Density at STP [g/cm3]	4.819
Number of protons	34
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	74; 76; 77; 78; 80
Number of electrons	34
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4
Oxidation states	+4,6/-2
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	195
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	2.55
First ionization energy [eV]	9.7524

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Selenium

Selenium is a chemical element with atomic number 34 which means there are 34 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Selenium

Atomic mass of Selenium is 78.96 u.

Atomic Radius of Selenium

The atomic radius of Selenium atom is 120pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Selenium is 34. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Selenium is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4.

Possible oxidation states are +4,6/-2.

Density of Selenium

Density of Selenium is 4.819g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Selenium

Electron affinity of Selenium is 195 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Selenium

Electronegativity of Selenium is 2.55.

The electronegativity of Selenium is: χ = 2.55

First Ionization Energy of Selenium

First Ionization Energy of Selenium is 9.7524 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Selenium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Se + IE → Se⁺ + e⁻ IE = 9.7524 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Selenium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Selenium

Arsenic – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in combination with sulfur and metals, but also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid.

Summary

Element	Arsenic
Atomic number	33
Atomic mass [amu]	74.9216
Atomic mass [pm]	119
Density at STP [g/cm3]	5.727
Number of protons	33
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	75
Number of electrons	33
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3
Oxidation states	+3,5/-3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	78
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	2.18
First ionization energy [eV]	9.8152

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Arsenic

Arsenic is a chemical element with atomic number 33 which means there are 33 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Arsenic

Atomic mass of Arsenic is 74.9216 u.

Atomic Radius of Arsenic

The atomic radius of Arsenic atom is 119pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Arsenic is 33. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Arsenic is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3.

Possible oxidation states are +3,5/-3.

Density of Arsenic

Density of Arsenic is 5.727g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Arsenic

Electron affinity of Arsenic is 78 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Arsenic

Electronegativity of Arsenic is 2.18.

The electronegativity of Arsenic is: χ = 2.18

First Ionization Energy of Arsenic

First Ionization Energy of Arsenic is 9.8152 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Arsenic atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

As + IE → As⁺ + e⁻ IE = 9.8152 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Arsenic - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Arsenic

Germanium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Germanium is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon.

Summary

Element	Germanium
Atomic number	32
Atomic mass [amu]	72.64
Atomic mass [pm]	122
Density at STP [g/cm3]	5.323
Number of protons	32
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	70; 72; 73; 74
Number of electrons	32
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Oxidation states	+2,4
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	119
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	2.01
First ionization energy [eV]	7.9

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Germanium

Germanium is a chemical element with atomic number 32 which means there are 32 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Germanium

Atomic mass of Germanium is 72.64 u.

Atomic Radius of Germanium

The atomic radius of Germanium atom is 122pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Germanium is 32. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Germanium is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2.

Possible oxidation states are +2,4.

Density of Germanium

Density of Germanium is 5.323g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Germanium

Electron affinity of Germanium is 119 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Germanium

Electronegativity of Germanium is 2.01.

The electronegativity of Germanium is: χ = 2.01

First Ionization Energy of Germanium

First Ionization Energy of Germanium is 7.9 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Germanium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Ge + IE → Ge⁺ + e⁻ IE = 7.9 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Germanium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Germanium

Gallium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Gallium has similarities to the other metals of the group, aluminium, indium, and thallium. Gallium does not occur as a free element in nature, but as gallium(III) compounds in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite.

Summary

Element	Gallium
Atomic number	31
Atomic mass [amu]	69.723
Atomic mass [pm]	122
Density at STP [g/cm3]	5.904
Number of protons	31
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	69; 71
Number of electrons	31
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Oxidation states	+3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	28.9
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	1.81
First ionization energy [eV]	5.9993

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Gallium

Gallium is a chemical element with atomic number 31 which means there are 31 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Gallium

Atomic mass of Gallium is 69.723 u.

Atomic Radius of Gallium

The atomic radius of Gallium atom is 122pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Gallium is 31. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Gallium is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1.

Possible oxidation states are +3.

Density of Gallium

Density of Gallium is 5.904g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Gallium

Electron affinity of Gallium is 28.9 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Gallium

Electronegativity of Gallium is 1.81.

The electronegativity of Gallium is: χ = 1.81

First Ionization Energy of Gallium

First Ionization Energy of Gallium is 5.9993 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Gallium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Ga + IE → Ga⁺ + e⁻ IE = 5.9993 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Gallium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Gallium

Zinc – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions are of similar size.

Summary

Element	Zinc
Atomic number	30
Atomic mass [amu]	65.409
Atomic mass [pm]	122
Density at STP [g/cm3]	7.14
Number of protons	30
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	64; 66-68; 70
Number of electrons	30
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2
Oxidation states	+2
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	—
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	1.65
First ionization energy [eV]	9.3941

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with atomic number 30 which means there are 30 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Zinc

Atomic mass of Zinc is 65.409 u.

Atomic Radius of Zinc

The atomic radius of Zinc atom is 122pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Zinc is 30. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Zinc is [Ar] 3d10 4s2.

Possible oxidation states are +2.

Density of Zinc

Density of Zinc is 7.14g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Zinc

Electron affinity of Zinc is — kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Zinc

Electronegativity of Zinc is 1.65.

The electronegativity of Zinc is: χ = 1.65

First Ionization Energy of Zinc

First Ionization Energy of Zinc is 9.3941 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Zinc atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Zn + IE → Zn⁺ + e⁻ IE = 9.3941 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Zinc - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Zinc

Copper – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.

Summary

Element	Copper
Atomic number	29
Atomic mass [amu]	63.546
Atomic mass [pm]	132
Density at STP [g/cm3]	8.92
Number of protons	29
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	63; 65
Number of electrons	29
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Oxidation states	+1,2
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	118.4
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	1.9
First ionization energy [eV]	7.7264

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Copper

Copper is a chemical element with atomic number 29 which means there are 29 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Copper

Atomic mass of Copper is 63.546 u.

Atomic Radius of Copper

The atomic radius of Copper atom is 132pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Copper is 29. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Copper is [Ar] 3d10 4s1.

Possible oxidation states are +1,2.

Density of Copper

Density of Copper is 8.92g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Copper

Electron affinity of Copper is 118.4 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Copper

Electronegativity of Copper is 1.9.

The electronegativity of Copper is: χ = 1.9

First Ionization Energy of Copper

First Ionization Energy of Copper is 7.7264 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Copper atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Cu + IE → Cu⁺ + e⁻ IE = 7.7264 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Copper - Comparison of Atomic Properties