Nick Connor, Autor Material Properties

Cerium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Cerium is a soft, ductile and silvery-white metal that tarnishes when exposed to air, and it is soft enough to be cut with a knife. Cerium is the second element in the lanthanide series. Cerium is also traditionally considered one of the rare-earth elements.

Summary

Element	Cerium
Atomic number	58
Atomic mass [amu]	140.116
Atomic mass [pm]	204
Density at STP [g/cm3]	6.689
Number of protons	58
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	140, 142
Number of electrons	58
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
Oxidation states	+3,4
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	50
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	1.12
First ionization energy [eV]	5.5387

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Cerium

Cerium is a chemical element with atomic number 58 which means there are 58 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z.

For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Cerium are 140, 142.

Atomic Mass of Cerium

Atomic mass of Cerium is 140.116 u.

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10^-12of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.

Atomic Radius of Cerium

The atomic radius of Cerium atom is 204pm (covalent radius).

It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Cerium is 58. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.

Electron configuration of Cerium is [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +3,4.

Density of Cerium

Density of Cerium is 6.689g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Cerium

Electron affinity of Cerium is 50 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

Electronegativity of Cerium

Electronegativity of Cerium is 1.12.

Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.

The electronegativity of Cerium is: χ = 1.12

First Ionization Energy of Cerium

First Ionization Energy of Cerium is 5.5387 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Cerium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Ce + IE → Ce⁺ + e⁻ IE = 5.5387 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Cerium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Cerium

Lanthanum – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is the eponym of the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table, of which lanthanum is the first and the prototype. It is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements.

Summary

Element	Lanthanum
Atomic number	57
Atomic mass [amu]	138.9055
Atomic mass [pm]	207
Density at STP [g/cm3]	6.146
Number of protons	57
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	139
Number of electrons	57
Electron configuration	[Xe] 5d1 6s2
Oxidation states	+3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	48
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	1.1
First ionization energy [eV]	5.577

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Lanthanum

Lanthanum is a chemical element with atomic number 57 which means there are 57 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Lanthanum

Atomic mass of Lanthanum is 138.9055 u.

Atomic Radius of Lanthanum

The atomic radius of Lanthanum atom is 207pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Lanthanum is 57. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Lanthanum is [Xe] 5d1 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +3.

Density of Lanthanum

Density of Lanthanum is 6.146g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Lanthanum

Electron affinity of Lanthanum is 48 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Lanthanum

Electronegativity of Lanthanum is 1.1.

The electronegativity of Lanthanum is: χ = 1.1

First Ionization Energy of Lanthanum

First Ionization Energy of Lanthanum is 5.577 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Lanthanum atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

La + IE → La⁺ + e⁻ IE = 5.577 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Lanthanum - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Lanthanum

Barium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Barium is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. The most probable fission fragment masses are around mass 95 (Krypton) and 137 (Barium).

Summary

Element	Barium
Atomic number	56
Atomic mass [amu]	137.327
Atomic mass [pm]	215
Density at STP [g/cm3]	3.51
Number of protons	56
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	134-138
Number of electrons	56
Electron configuration	[Xe] 6s2
Oxidation states	+2
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	13.95
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	0.89
First ionization energy [eV]	5.2117

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Barium

Barium is a chemical element with atomic number 56 which means there are 56 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Barium

Atomic mass of Barium is 137.327 u.

Atomic Radius of Barium

The atomic radius of Barium atom is 215pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Barium is 56. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Barium is [Xe] 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +2.

Density of Barium

Density of Barium is 3.51g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Barium

Electron affinity of Barium is 13.95 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Barium

Electronegativity of Barium is 0.89.

The electronegativity of Barium is: χ = 0.89

First Ionization Energy of Barium

First Ionization Energy of Barium is 5.2117 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Barium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Ba + IE → Ba⁺ + e⁻ IE = 5.2117 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Barium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Barium

Caesium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Caesium is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28.5 °C, which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium.

Summary

Element	Caesium
Atomic number	55
Atomic mass [amu]	132.9055
Atomic mass [pm]	244
Density at STP [g/cm3]	1.879
Number of protons	55
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	133
Number of electrons	55
Electron configuration	[Xe] 6s1
Oxidation states	+1
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	45.5
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	0.79
First ionization energy [eV]	3.8939

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Caesium

Caesium is a chemical element with atomic number 55 which means there are 55 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Caesium

Atomic mass of Caesium is 132.9055 u.

Atomic Radius of Caesium

The atomic radius of Caesium atom is 244pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Caesium is 55. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Caesium is [Xe] 6s1.

Possible oxidation states are +1.

Density of Caesium

Density of Caesium is 1.879g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Caesium

Electron affinity of Caesium is 45.5 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Caesium

Electronegativity of Caesium is 0.79.

The electronegativity of Caesium is: χ = 0.79

First Ionization Energy of Caesium

First Ionization Energy of Caesium is 3.8939 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Caesium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Cs + IE → Cs⁺ + e⁻ IE = 3.8939 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Caesium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Caesium

Xenon – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Xenon is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in the Earth’s atmosphere in trace amounts.[10] Although generally unreactive, xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions. Xenon was first discovered in 1898 by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers. The name xenon for this gas comes from the Greek word ξένον [xenon], neuter singular form of ξένος [xenos], meaning ‘foreign(er)’, ‘strange(r)’, or ‘guest’. In nuclear industry, especially artificial xenon 135 has a tremendous impact on the operation of a nuclear reactor. For physicists and for reactor operators, it is important to understand the mechanisms that produce and remove xenon from the reactor to predict how the reactor will respond following changes in power level.

Summary

Element	Xenon
Atomic number	54
Atomic mass [amu]	131.293
Atomic mass [pm]	140
Density at STP [g/cm3]	0.0059
Number of protons	54
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	128-135
Number of electrons	54
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6
Oxidation states	0
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	—
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	2.6
First ionization energy [eV]	12.1299

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Xenon

Xenon is a chemical element with atomic number 54 which means there are 54 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Xenon

Atomic mass of Xenon is 131.293 u.

Atomic Radius of Xenon

The atomic radius of Xenon atom is 140pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Xenon is 54. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Xenon is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6.

Possible oxidation states are 0.

Density of Xenon

Density of Xenon is 0.0059g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Xenon

Electron affinity of Xenon is — kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Xenon

Electronegativity of Xenon is 2.6.

The electronegativity of Xenon is: χ = 2.6

First Ionization Energy of Xenon

First Ionization Energy of Xenon is 12.1299 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Xenon atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Xe + IE → Xe⁺ + e⁻ IE = 12.1299 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Xenon - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Xenon

Iodine – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Iodine is the heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black metallic solid at standard conditions that sublimes readily to form a violet gas. Iodine is the least abundant of the stable halogens, being the sixty-first most abundant element. It is even less abundant than the so-called rare earths. It is the heaviest essential mineral nutrient.

Summary

Element	Iodine
Atomic number	53
Atomic mass [amu]	126.90447
Atomic mass [pm]	139
Density at STP [g/cm3]	4.94
Number of protons	53
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	127
Number of electrons	53
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5
Oxidation states	+1,5,7/-1
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	295.2
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	2.66
First ionization energy [eV]	10.4513

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Iodine

Iodine is a chemical element with atomic number 53 which means there are 53 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Iodine

Atomic mass of Iodine is 126.90447 u.

Atomic Radius of Iodine

The atomic radius of Iodine atom is 139pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Iodine is 53. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Iodine is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5.

Possible oxidation states are +1,5,7/-1.

Density of Iodine

Density of Iodine is 4.94g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Iodine

Electron affinity of Iodine is 295.2 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Iodine

Electronegativity of Iodine is 2.66.

The electronegativity of Iodine is: χ = 2.66

First Ionization Energy of Iodine

First Ionization Energy of Iodine is 10.4513 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Iodine atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

I + IE → I⁺ + e⁻ IE = 10.4513 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Iodine - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Iodine

Tellurium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Tellurium is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur. It is occasionally found in native form as elemental crystals. Tellurium is far more common in the universe as a whole than on Earth. Its extreme rarity in the Earth’s crust, comparable to that of platinum.

Summary

Element	Tellurium
Atomic number	52
Atomic mass [amu]	127.6
Atomic mass [pm]	138
Density at STP [g/cm3]	6.24
Number of protons	52
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	122-126
Number of electrons	52
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4
Oxidation states	+4,6/-2
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	190.2
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	2.1
First ionization energy [eV]	9.0096

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Tellurium

Tellurium is a chemical element with atomic number 52 which means there are 52 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Tellurium

Atomic mass of Tellurium is 127.6 u.

Atomic Radius of Tellurium

The atomic radius of Tellurium atom is 138pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Tellurium is 52. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Tellurium is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4.

Possible oxidation states are +4,6/-2.

Density of Tellurium

Density of Tellurium is 6.24g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Tellurium

Electron affinity of Tellurium is 190.2 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Tellurium

Electronegativity of Tellurium is 2.1.

The electronegativity of Tellurium is: χ = 2.1

First Ionization Energy of Tellurium

First Ionization Energy of Tellurium is 9.0096 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Tellurium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Te + IE → Te⁺ + e⁻ IE = 9.0096 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Tellurium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Tellurium

Antimony – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Antimony is a lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite. Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name, kohl.

Summary

Element	Antimony
Atomic number	51
Atomic mass [amu]	121.76
Atomic mass [pm]	139
Density at STP [g/cm3]	6.697
Number of protons	51
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	121, 123
Number of electrons	51
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
Oxidation states	+3,5/-3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	103.2
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	2.05
First ionization energy [eV]	8.64

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Antimony

Antimony is a chemical element with atomic number 51 which means there are 51 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Antimony

Atomic mass of Antimony is 121.76 u.

Atomic Radius of Antimony

The atomic radius of Antimony atom is 139pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Antimony is 51. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Antimony is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3.

Possible oxidation states are +3,5/-3.

Density of Antimony

Density of Antimony is 6.697g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Antimony

Electron affinity of Antimony is 103.2 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Antimony

Electronegativity of Antimony is 2.05.

The electronegativity of Antimony is: χ = 2.05

First Ionization Energy of Antimony

First Ionization Energy of Antimony is 8.64 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Antimony atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Sb + IE → Sb⁺ + e⁻ IE = 8.64 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Antimony - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Antimony

Tin – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains tin dioxide. The first alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of tin and copper, from as early as 3000 BC.

Summary

Element	Tin
Atomic number	50
Atomic mass [amu]	118.71
Atomic mass [pm]	139
Density at STP [g/cm3]	7.31
Number of protons	50
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	112-124
Number of electrons	50
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
Oxidation states	+2,4
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	107.3
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	1.96
First ionization energy [eV]	7.3438

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Tin

Tin is a chemical element with atomic number 50 which means there are 50 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Tin

Atomic mass of Tin is 118.71 u.

Atomic Radius of Tin

The atomic radius of Tin atom is 139pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Tin is 50. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Tin is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2.

Possible oxidation states are +2,4.

Density of Tin

Density of Tin is 7.31g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Tin

Electron affinity of Tin is 107.3 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Tin

Electronegativity of Tin is 1.96.

The electronegativity of Tin is: χ = 1.96

First Ionization Energy of Tin

First Ionization Energy of Tin is 7.3438 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Tin atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Sn + IE → Sn⁺ + e⁻ IE = 7.3438 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Tin - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Tin

Indium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

2020-12-08 by Nick Connor

Indium is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earth’s crust. Very soft and malleable, indium has a melting point higher than sodium and gallium, but lower than lithium and tin. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium.

Summary

Element	Indium
Atomic number	49
Atomic mass [amu]	114.818
Atomic mass [pm]	142
Density at STP [g/cm3]	7.31
Number of protons	49
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes)	113
Number of electrons	49
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Oxidation states	+3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol]	28.9
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]	1.78
First ionization energy [eV]	5.7864

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Indium

Indium is a chemical element with atomic number 49 which means there are 49 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Atomic Mass of Indium

Atomic mass of Indium is 114.818 u.

Atomic Radius of Indium

The atomic radius of Indium atom is 142pm (covalent radius).

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Indium is 49. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Electron configuration of Indium is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1.

Possible oxidation states are +3.

Density of Indium

Density of Indium is 7.31g/cm³.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Atomic Radii of Elements

Densities of Elements

Electron Affinity – Indium

Electron affinity of Indium is 28.9 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e^– → X^– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

Electronegativity of Indium

Electronegativity of Indium is 1.78.

The electronegativity of Indium is: χ = 1.78

First Ionization Energy of Indium

First Ionization Energy of Indium is 5.7864 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X⁺ + e⁻

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X⁺ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e⁻ is the removed electron.

A Indium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

In + IE → In⁺ + e⁻ IE = 5.7864 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Ionization Energy of Elements

Source: www.luciteria.com

Properties of other elements

Indium - Comparison of Atomic Properties