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Tungsten – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

Tungsten-density-atomic-number-mass-radius

Tungsten is a rare metal that occurs naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. Tungsten is an inherently brittle and hard material, which makes it difficult to work.

Resumen

Element Tungsten
Atomic number 74
Atomic mass [amu] 183.84
Atomic mass [pm] 162
Density at STP [g / cm3] 19.25
Number of protons 74
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes) 182-184, 186
Number of electrons 74
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
Oxidation states +6
Electron affinity [kJ/mol] 78.6
EElectronegativity [Pauling scale] 2.36
First ionization energy [eV] 7.98

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Tungsten

Proton Number - Atomic NumberTungsten is a chemical element with atomic number 74 which means there are 75 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs.

The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z.

For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Rhenium are 185, 187.

Atomic Mass of Tungsten

Atomic mass of Tungsten is 183.84 u. 

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10-12 of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.

Atomic Radius of Tungsten

The atomic radius of Tungsten atom is 162pm (covalent radius).

Atomic Radius of Chemical Elements

It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Tungsten is 74. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.

Electron configuration of Tungsten is [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +6.

Density of Tungsten

Density of Tungsten is 19.25g/cm3.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic mass

Atomic Radii of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic radius

Densities of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - density

Tungsten-protons-neutrons-electrons-configuration

Tungsten-affinity-electronegativity-ionization

Electron Affinity – Tungsten

Electron affinity of Tungsten is 78.6 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e → X + energy        Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

Electronegativity of Tungsten

Electronegativity of Tungsten is 2.36.

Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.

The electronegativity of Tungsten is: χ = 2.36

First Ionization Energy of Tungsten

First Ionization Energy of Tungsten is 7.98 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X+ + e

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e is the removed electron.

A Tungsten atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

W + IE → W+ + e        IE = 7.98 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electronegativity

Ionization Energy of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - ionization energy

Tungsten-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

 

Properties of other elements

Tungsten - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Tungsten

 

Lutetium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

Lutetium-density-atomic-number-mass-radius

Lutetium is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. Lutetium is the last element in the lanthanide series, and it is traditionally counted among the rare earths.

Summary

Element Lutetium
Atomic number 71
Atomic mass [amu] 174.967
Atomic mass [pm] 187
Density at STP [g/cm3] 9.841
Number of protons 71
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes) 175
Number of electrons 71
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2
Oxidation states +3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol] 50
Electronegativity [Pauling scale] 1.27
First ionization energy [eV] 5.4259

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Lutetium

Proton Number - Atomic NumberLutetium is a chemical element with atomic number 71 which means there are 71 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs.

The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z.

For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Lutetium are 175.

Atomic Mass of Lutetium

Atomic mass of Lutetium is 174.967 u. 

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10-12 of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.

Atomic Radius of Lutetium

The atomic radius of Lutetium atom is 187pm (covalent radius).

Atomic Radius of Chemical Elements

It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Lutetium is 71. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.

Electron configuration of Lutetium is [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +3.

Density of Lutetium

Density of Lutetium is 9.841g/cm3.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic mass

Atomic Radii of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic radius

Densities of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - density

Lutetium-protons-neutrons-electrons-configuration

Lutetium-affinity-electronegativity-ionization

Electron Affinity – Lutetium

Electron affinity of Lutetium is 50 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e → X + energy        Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

Electronegativity of Lutetium

Electronegativity of Lutetium is 1.27.

Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.

The electronegativity of Lutetium is: χ = 1.27

First Ionization Energy of Lutetium

First Ionization Energy of Lutetium is 5.4259 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X+ + e

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e is the removed electron.

A Lutetium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Lu + IE → Lu+ + e        IE = 5.4259 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electronegativity

Ionization Energy of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - ionization energy

Lutetium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

 

Properties of other elements

Lutetium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Lutetium

 

Hafnium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

Hafnium-density-atomic-number-mass-radius

Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in many zirconium minerals. Hafnium’s large neutron capture cross-section makes it a good material for neutron absorption in control rods in nuclear power plants, but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron-transparent corrosion-resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors.

Summary

Element Hafnium
Atomic number 72
Atomic mass [amu] 178.49
Atomic mass [pm] 175
Density at STP [g/cm3] 13.31
Number of protons 72
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes) 176-178, 179, 180
Number of electrons 72
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Oxidation states +4
Electron affinity [kJ/mol] 0
Electronegativity [Pauling scale] 1.3
First ionization energy [eV] 6.8251

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Hafnium

Proton Number - Atomic NumberHafnium is a chemical element with atomic number 72 which means there are 72 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs.

The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z.

For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Hafnium are 176-178, 179, 180.

Atomic Mass of Hafnium

Atomic mass of Hafnium is 178.49 u. 

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10-12 of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.

Atomic Radius of Hafnium

The atomic radius of Hafnium atom is 175pm (covalent radius).

Atomic Radius of Chemical Elements

It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Hafnium is 72. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.

Electron configuration of Hafnium is [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +4.

Density of Hafnium

Density of Hafnium is 13.31g/cm3.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic mass

Atomic Radii of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic radius

Densities of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - density

Hafnium-protons-neutrons-electrons-configuration

Hafnium-affinity-electronegativity-ionization

Electron Affinity – Hafnium

Electron affinity of Hafnium is 0 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e → X + energy        Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

Electronegativity of Hafnium

Electronegativity of Hafnium is 1.3.

Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.

The electronegativity of Hafnium is: χ = 1.3

First Ionization Energy of Hafnium

First Ionization Energy of Hafnium is 6.8251 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X+ + e

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e is the removed electron.

A Hafnium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Hf + IE → Hf+ + e        IE = 6.8251 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electronegativity

Ionization Energy of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - ionization energy

Hafnium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

 

Properties of other elements

Hafnium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Hafnium

 

Thulium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

Thulium-density-atomic-number-mass-radius

Thulium is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster. It is fairly soft and slowly tarnishes in air. Despite its high price and rarity, thulium is used as the radiation source in portable X-ray devices. Thulium is the thirteenth and third-last element in the lanthanide series.

Summary

Element Thulium
Atomic number 69
Atomic mass [amu] 168.9342
Atomic mass [pm] 190
Density at STP [g/cm3] 9.321
Number of protons 69
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes) 169
Number of electrons 69
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f13 6s2
Oxidation states +3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol] 50
Electronegativity [Pauling scale] 1.25
First ionization energy [eV] 6.1843

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Thulium

Proton Number - Atomic NumberThulium is a chemical element with atomic number 69 which means there are 69 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs.

The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z.

For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Thulium are 169.

Atomic Mass of Thulium

Atomic mass of Thulium is 168.9342 u. 

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10-12 of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.

Atomic Radius of Thulium

The atomic radius of Thulium atom is 190pm (covalent radius).

Atomic Radius of Chemical Elements

It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Thulium is 69. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.

Electron configuration of Thulium is [Xe] 4f13 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +3.

Density of Thulium

Density of Thulium is 9.321g/cm3.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic mass

Atomic Radii of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic radius

Densities of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - density

Thulium-protons-neutrons-electrons-configuration

Thulium-affinity-electronegativity-ionization

Electron Affinity – Thulium

Electron affinity of Thulium is 50 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e → X + energy        Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

Electronegativity of Thulium

Electronegativity of Thulium is 1.25.

Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.

The electronegativity of Thulium is: χ = 1.25

First Ionization Energy of Thulium

First Ionization Energy of Thulium is 6.1843 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X+ + e

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e is the removed electron.

A Thulium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Tm + IE → Tm+ + e        IE = 6.1843 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electronegativity

Ionization Energy of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - ionization energy

Thulium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

 

Properties of other elements

Thulium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Thulium

 

Ytterbium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

Ytterbium-density-atomic-number-mass-radius

Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density and melting and boiling points differ significantly from those of most other lanthanides.

Summary

Element Ytterbium
Atomic number 70
Atomic mass [amu] 173.04
Atomic mass [pm] 187
Density at STP [g/cm3] 6.57
Number of protons 70
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes) 170-174, 176
Number of electrons 70
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 6s2
Oxidation states +2,3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol] 50
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]
First ionization energy [eV] 6.2542

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Ytterbium

Proton Number - Atomic NumberYtterbium is a chemical element with atomic number 70 which means there are 70 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs.

The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z.

For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Ytterbium are 170-174, 176.

Atomic Mass of Ytterbium

Atomic mass of Ytterbium is 173.04 u. 

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10-12 of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.

Atomic Radius of Ytterbium

The atomic radius of Ytterbium atom is 187pm (covalent radius).

Atomic Radius of Chemical Elements

It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Ytterbium is 70. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.

Electron configuration of Ytterbium is [Xe] 4f14 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +2,3.

Density of Ytterbium

Density of Ytterbium is 6.57g/cm3.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic mass

Atomic Radii of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic radius

Densities of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - density

Ytterbium-protons-neutrons-electrons-configuration

Ytterbium-affinity-electronegativity-ionization

Electron Affinity – Ytterbium

Electron affinity of Ytterbium is 50 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e → X + energy        Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

Electronegativity of Ytterbium

Electronegativity of Ytterbium is .

Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.

The electronegativity of Ytterbium is: χ = —

First Ionization Energy of Ytterbium

First Ionization Energy of Ytterbium is 6.2542 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X+ + e

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e is the removed electron.

A Ytterbium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Yb + IE → Yb+ + e        IE = 6.2542 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electronegativity

Ionization Energy of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - ionization energy

Ytterbium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

 

Properties of other elements

Ytterbium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Ytterbium

 

Holmium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

Holmium-density-atomic-number-mass-radius

Holmium is a part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare-earth element. Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metal.

Summary

Element Holmium
Atomic number 67
Atomic mass [amu] 164.9303
Atomic mass [pm] 192
Density at STP [g/cm3] 8.795
Number of protons 67
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes) 165
Number of electrons 67
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f11 6s2
Oxidation states +3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol] 50
Electronegativity [Pauling scale] 1.23
First ionization energy [eV] 6.0216

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Holmium

Proton Number - Atomic NumberHolmium is a chemical element with atomic number 67 which means there are 67 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs.

The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z.

For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Holmium are 165.

Atomic Mass of Holmium

Atomic mass of Holmium is 164.9303 u. 

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10-12 of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.

Atomic Radius of Holmium

The atomic radius of Holmium atom is 192pm (covalent radius).

Atomic Radius of Chemical Elements

It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Holmium is 67. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.

Electron configuration of Holmium is [Xe] 4f11 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +3.

Density of Holmium

Density of Holmium is 8.795g/cm3.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic mass

Atomic Radii of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic radius

Densities of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - density

Holmium-protons-neutrons-electrons-configuration

Holmium-affinity-electronegativity-ionization

Electron Affinity – Holmium

Electron affinity of Holmium is 50 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e → X + energy        Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

Electronegativity of Holmium

Electronegativity of Holmium is 1.23.

Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.

The electronegativity of Holmium is: χ = 1.23

First Ionization Energy of Holmium

First Ionization Energy of Holmium is 6.0216 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X+ + e

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e is the removed electron.

A Holmium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Ho + IE → Ho+ + e        IE = 6.0216 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electronegativity

Ionization Energy of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - ionization energy

Holmium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

 

Properties of other elements

Holmium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Holmium

 

Erbium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

Erbium-density-atomic-number-mass-radius

Erbium is a silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements. It is a lanthanide, a rare earth element, originally found in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby in Sweden.

Summary

Element Erbium
Atomic number 68
Atomic mass [amu] 167.259
Atomic mass [pm] 189
Density at STP [g/cm3] 9.066
Number of protons 68
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes) 162, 164, 166-168, 170
Number of electrons 68
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f12 6s2
Oxidation states +3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol] 50
Electronegativity [Pauling scale] 1.24
First ionization energy [eV] 6.1078

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Erbium

Proton Number - Atomic NumberErbium is a chemical element with atomic number 68 which means there are 68 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs.

The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z.

For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Erbium are 162, 164, 166-168, 170.

Atomic Mass of Erbium

Atomic mass of Erbium is 167.259 u. 

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10-12 of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.

Atomic Radius of Erbium

The atomic radius of Erbium atom is 189pm (covalent radius).

Atomic Radius of Chemical Elements

It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Erbium is 68. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.

Electron configuration of Erbium is [Xe] 4f12 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +3.

Density of Erbium

Density of Erbium is 9.066g/cm3.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic mass

Atomic Radii of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic radius

Densities of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - density

Erbium-protons-neutrons-electrons-configuration

Erbium-affinity-electronegativity-ionization

Electron Affinity – Erbium

Electron affinity of Erbium is 50 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e → X + energy        Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

Electronegativity of Erbium

Electronegativity of Erbium is 1.24.

Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.

The electronegativity of Erbium is: χ = 1.24

First Ionization Energy of Erbium

First Ionization Energy of Erbium is 6.1078 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X+ + e

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e is the removed electron.

A Erbium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Er + IE → Er+ + e        IE = 6.1078 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electronegativity

Ionization Energy of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - ionization energy

Erbium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

 

Properties of other elements

Erbium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Erbium

 

Terbium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

Terbium-density-atomic-number-mass-radius

Terbium is a silvery-white, rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. The ninth member of the lanthanide series, terbium is a fairly electropositive metal that reacts with water, evolving hydrogen gas.

Summary

Element Terbium
Atomic number 65
Atomic mass [amu] 158.9253
Atomic mass [pm] 194
Density at STP [g/cm3] 8.219
Number of protons 65
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes) 159
Number of electrons 65
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f9 6s2
Oxidation states +3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol] 50
Electronegativity [Pauling scale]
First ionization energy [eV] 5.8939

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Terbium

Proton Number - Atomic NumberTerbium is a chemical element with atomic number 65 which means there are 65 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs.

The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z.

For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Terbium are 159.

Atomic Mass of Terbium

Atomic mass of Terbium is 158.9253 u. 

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10-12 of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.

Atomic Radius of Terbium

The atomic radius of Terbium atom is 194pm (covalent radius).

Atomic Radius of Chemical Elements

It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Terbium is 65. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.

Electron configuration of Terbium is [Xe] 4f9 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +3.

Density of Terbium

Density of Terbium is 8.219g/cm3.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic mass

Atomic Radii of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic radius

Densities of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - density

Terbium-protons-neutrons-electrons-configuration

Terbium-affinity-electronegativity-ionization

Electron Affinity – Terbium

Electron affinity of Terbium is 50 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e → X + energy        Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

Electronegativity of Terbium

Electronegativity of Terbium is .

Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.

The electronegativity of Terbium is: χ = —

First Ionization Energy of Terbium

First Ionization Energy of Terbium is 5.8939 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X+ + e

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e is the removed electron.

A Terbium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Tb + IE → Tb+ + e        IE = 5.8939 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electronegativity

Ionization Energy of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - ionization energy

Terbium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

 

Properties of other elements

Terbium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Terbium

 

Dysprosium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

Dysprosium-density-atomic-number-mass-radius

Dysprosium is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility in data storage applications.

Summary

Element Dysprosium
Atomic number 66
Atomic mass [amu] 162.5
Atomic mass [pm] 178
Density at STP [g/cm3] 8.551
Number of protons 66
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes) 156-164
Number of electrons 66
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f10 6s2
Oxidation states +3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol] 50
Electronegativity [Pauling scale] 1.22
First ionization energy [eV] 5.9389

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Dysprosium

Proton Number - Atomic NumberDysprosium is a chemical element with atomic number 66 which means there are 66 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs.

The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z.

For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Dysprosium are 156-164.

Atomic Mass of Dysprosium

Atomic mass of Dysprosium is 162.5 u. 

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10-12 of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.

Atomic Radius of Dysprosium

The atomic radius of Dysprosium atom is 178pm (covalent radius).

Atomic Radius of Chemical Elements

It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Dysprosium is 66. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.

Electron configuration of Dysprosium is [Xe] 4f10 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +3.

Density of Dysprosium

Density of Dysprosium is 8.551g/cm3.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic mass

Atomic Radii of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic radius

Densities of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - density

Dysprosium-protons-neutrons-electrons-configuration

Dysprosium-affinity-electronegativity-ionization

Electron Affinity – Dysprosium

Electron affinity of Dysprosium is 50 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e → X + energy        Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

Electronegativity of Dysprosium

Electronegativity of Dysprosium is 1.22.

Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.

The electronegativity of Dysprosium is: χ = 1.22

First Ionization Energy of Dysprosium

First Ionization Energy of Dysprosium is 5.9389 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X+ + e

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e is the removed electron.

A Dysprosium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Dy + IE → Dy+ + e        IE = 5.9389 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electronegativity

Ionization Energy of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - ionization energy

Dysprosium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

 

Properties of other elements

Dysprosium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Dysprosium

 

Gadolinium – Periodic Table – Atomic Properties

Gadolinium-density-atomic-number-mass-radius

Gadolinium belongs to a rare earth elements (it is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table). In nuclear industry gadolinium is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorbtion cross-section of two isotopes 155Gd and 157Gd. In fact their absorption cross-sections are the highest among all stable isotopes.

Summary

Element Gadolinium
Atomic number 64
Atomic mass [amu] 157.25
Atomic mass [pm] 196
Density at STP [g/cm3] 7.901
Number of protons 64
Number of neutrons (typical isotopes) 154-160
Number of electrons 64
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Oxidation states +3
Electron affinity [kJ/mol] 50
Electronegativity [Pauling scale] 1.2
First ionization energy [eV] 6.15

Atomic Number – Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in Gadolinium

Proton Number - Atomic NumberGadolinium is a chemical element with atomic number 64 which means there are 64 protons in its nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs.

The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z.

For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Gadolinium are 154-160.

Atomic Mass of Gadolinium

Atomic mass of Gadolinium is 157.25 u. 

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10-12 of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.

Atomic Radius of Gadolinium

The atomic radius of Gadolinium atom is 196pm (covalent radius).

Atomic Radius of Chemical Elements

It must be noted, atoms lack a well-defined outer boundary. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. However, this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape, which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius.

Electrons and Electron Configuration

The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Gadolinium is 64. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom.

Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.

Electron configuration of Gadolinium is [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2.

Possible oxidation states are +3.

Density of Gadolinium

Density of Gadolinium is 7.901g/cm3.

Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Atomic Masses of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic mass

Atomic Radii of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - atomic radius

Densities of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - density

Gadolinium-protons-neutrons-electrons-configuration

Gadolinium-affinity-electronegativity-ionization

Electron Affinity – Gadolinium

Electron affinity of Gadolinium is 50 kJ/mol.

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:

the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

X + e → X + energy        Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

Electronegativity of Gadolinium

Electronegativity of Gadolinium is 1.2.

Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.

The electronegativity of Gadolinium is: χ = 1.2

First Ionization Energy of Gadolinium

First Ionization Energy of Gadolinium is 6.15 eV.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

X + energy → X+ + e

where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e is the removed electron.

A Gadolinium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.

Gd + IE → Gd+ + e        IE = 6.15 eV

Electronegativity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electronegativity

Ionization Energy of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - ionization energy

Gadolinium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

 

Properties of other elements

Gadolinium - Comparison of Atomic Properties

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Gadolinium