Nick Connor, Autor Material Properties

Silver and Gold – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of silver and gold, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Silver vs Gold.

silver and gold - comparison

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Silver and Gold – About Elements

Silver

Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth’s crust in the pure, free elemental form (“native silver”), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.

Gold

Gold is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars.

Silver in Periodic Table

Gold in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Silver and Gold – Applications

Silver

Silver has long been valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes alongside gold. Silver has many important, far-reaching technological and electronic applications. It’s used in everything from cell phones, computers and semiconductors to automobiles, water-purification systems and—because it is the best conductor of heat of all elements—spacecraft solar radiation tiles. Silver is of the upmost importance in photography (where approximately 30% of the U.S. Industrial consumption goes into this application). The medical uses of silver include its use in wound dressings, creams, and as an antibiotic coating on medical devices. Wound dressings containing silver sulfadiazine or silver nanomaterials may be used on external infections.

Gold

Gold is used extensively in jewellery, either in its pure form or as an alloy. About 75% of all gold produced is used in the jewelry industry. Pure gold is too soft to stand up to the stresses applied to many jewelry items. Craftsmen learned that alloying gold with other metals such as copper, silver, and platinum would increase its durability. The term ‘carat’ indicates the amount of gold present in an alloy. 24-carat is pure gold, but it is very soft. 18- and 9-carat gold alloys are commonly used because they are more durable. Gold’s high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, and conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices (its chief industrial use). Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, and tooth restoration. Only 10% of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry, but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion-free electrical connectors in computers and other electrical devices.

Silver and Gold – Comparison in Table

Element	Silver	Gold
Density	10.49 g/cm3	19.3 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	110 MPa	220 MPa
Yield Strength	45 MPa	205 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	83 GPa	79 GPa
Mohs Scale	3.25	2.75
Brinell Hardness	210 MPa	190 MPa
Vickers Hardness	251 MPa	215 MPa
Melting Point	961.78 °C	1064 °C
Boiling Point	2162 °C	2970 °C
Thermal Conductivity	430 W/mK	320 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	18.9 µm/mK	14.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.235 J/g K	0.128 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	11.3 kJ/mol	12.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	250.58 kJ/mol	334.4 kJ/mol

Palladium and Gold – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of palladium and gold, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Palladium vs Gold.

palladium and gold - comparison

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Palladium and Gold – About Elements

Palladium

Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). These have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them. More than half the supply of palladium and its congener platinum is used in catalytic converters.

Gold

Palladium in Periodic Table

Gold in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Palladium and Gold – Applications

Palladium

More than half the supply of palladium and its congener platinum is used in catalytic converters, which convert as much as 90% of the harmful gases in automobile exhaust into less noxious substances. Palladium is also used in electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwater treatment, and jewelry. Palladium-based alloys are being extensively used in fuel cell technology applications. The metal is also employed in historic photographic printing process. Palladium has been used as a precious metal in jewelry since 1939 as an alternative to platinum in the alloys called “white gold”.

Gold

Palladium and Gold – Comparison in Table

Element	Palladium	Gold
Density	12.023 g/cm3	19.3 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	135 MPa	220 MPa
Yield Strength	30 MPa	205 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	121 GPa	79 GPa
Mohs Scale	4.8	2.75
Brinell Hardness	320 MPa	190 MPa
Vickers Hardness	400 MPa	215 MPa
Melting Point	1554.9 °C	1064 °C
Boiling Point	2963 °C	2970 °C
Thermal Conductivity	72 W/mK	320 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.8 µm/mK	14.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.24 J/g K	0.128 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	17.6 kJ/mol	12.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	357 kJ/mol	334.4 kJ/mol

Palladium and Platinum – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of palladium and platinum, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Palladium vs Platinum.

palladium and platinum - comparison

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Palladium and Platinum – About Elements

Palladium

Platinum

Platinum is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Platinum is one of the least reactive metals. It has remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered a noble metal. Platinum is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry.

Palladium in Periodic Table

Platinum in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Palladium and Platinum – Applications

Palladium

Platinum

Platinum is primarily an industrial metal. It is a critical material for many industries and is considered a strategic metal. Platinum is used as a catalyst, platinum is mostly found in vehicle catalytic converters that reduce toxic exhaust chemicals, and also in fuel cells to increase efficiency. The most common use of platinum is as a catalyst in chemical reactions, often as platinum black. In catalytic converters, platinum allows the complete combustion of low concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Platinum has been used in thermocouple devices that measure temperature with high accuracy. Platinum is a component in magnetic coatings for high-density hard disk drives and some of the newer optical storage systems.

Palladium and Platinum – Comparison in Table

Element	Palladium	Platinum
Density	12.023 g/cm3	21.09 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	135 MPa	150 MPa
Yield Strength	30 MPa	70 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	121 GPa	168 GPa
Mohs Scale	4.8	3.5
Brinell Hardness	320 MPa	400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	400 MPa	550 MPa
Melting Point	1554.9 °C	1772 °C
Boiling Point	2963 °C	3827 °C
Thermal Conductivity	72 W/mK	72 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.8 µm/mK	8.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.24 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	17.6 kJ/mol	19.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	357 kJ/mol	510 kJ/mol

Palladium and Silver – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of palladium and silver, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Palladium vs Silver.

palladium and silver - comparison

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Palladium and Silver – About Elements

Palladium

Silver

Palladium in Periodic Table

Silver in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Palladium and Silver – Applications

Palladium

Silver

Palladium and Silver – Comparison in Table

Element	Palladium	Silver
Density	12.023 g/cm3	10.49 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	135 MPa	110 MPa
Yield Strength	30 MPa	45 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	121 GPa	83 GPa
Mohs Scale	4.8	3.25
Brinell Hardness	320 MPa	210 MPa
Vickers Hardness	400 MPa	251 MPa
Melting Point	1554.9 °C	961.78 °C
Boiling Point	2963 °C	2162 °C
Thermal Conductivity	72 W/mK	430 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.8 µm/mK	18.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.24 J/g K	0.235 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	17.6 kJ/mol	11.3 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	357 kJ/mol	250.58 kJ/mol

Tin and Antimony – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of tin and antimony, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Tin vs Antimony.

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Tin and Antimony – About Elements

Tin

Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains tin dioxide. The first alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of tin and copper, from as early as 3000 BC.

Antimony

Antimony is a lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite. Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name, kohl.

Tin in Periodic Table

Antimony in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Tin and Antimony – Applications

Tin

The largest single application of tin is in the manufacture of tinplate (steel sheet coated with tin), which accounts for approximately 40% of total world tin consumption. Tin bonds readily to iron and steel to prevent corrosion. Tin-plated steel containers are widely used for food preservation, and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. Tinning is the process of thinly coating sheets of wrought iron or steel with tin, and the resulting product is known as tinplate. The term is also widely used for the different process of coating a metal with solder before soldering. There are two processes for the tinning of the black plates: hot-dipping and electroplating.

Antimony

The largest applications for metallic antimony are an alloy with lead and tin and the lead antimony plates in lead–acid batteries. Alloys of lead and tin with antimony have improved properties for solders, bullets, and plain bearings. Antimony can be used in fire retardants for many commercial and domestic products. Antimony trichloride is used in the manufacturing flame-proofing compounds as well as paints, ceramic enamels, glass and pottery. Other uses include ball bearings and mixing with alloys with percentages ranging from 1 to 20 greatly increasing the hardness and mechanical strength of the lead. The capability to strengthen already strong alloys is its largest and most widespread use.

Tin and Antimony – Comparison in Table

Element	Tin	Antimony
Density	7.31 g/cm3	6.697 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	220 MPa	11 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	50 GPa	55 GPa
Mohs Scale	1.65	3.15
Brinell Hardness	50 MPa	300 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	231.93 °C	631 °C
Boiling Point	2602 °C	1950 °C
Thermal Conductivity	67 W/mK	24 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	22 µm/mK	11 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.227 J/g K	0.21 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	7.029 kJ/mol	19.87 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	295.8 kJ/mol	77.14 kJ/mol

Tin and Lead – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of tin and lead, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Tin vs Lead.

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Tin and Lead – About Elements

Tin

Lead

Lead is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. Lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and concludes three major decay chains of heavier elements.

Tin in Periodic Table

Lead in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Tin and Lead – Applications

Tin

Lead

Lead metal has several useful mechanical properties, including high density, low melting point, ductility, and relative inertness. Lead is widely used for car batteries, pigments, ammunition, cable sheathing, weights for lifting, weight belts for diving, lead crystal glass, radiation protection and in some solders. The largest use of lead in the early 21st century is in lead–acid batteries. The lead in batteries undergoes no direct contact with humans, so there are fewer toxicity concerns. Lead is used in high voltage power cables as sheathing material to prevent water diffusion into insulation; this use is decreasing as lead is being phased out. A lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. On the other hand depleted uranium is much more effective due to its higher Z. Depleted uranium is used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources.

Tin and Lead – Comparison in Table

Element	Tin	Lead
Density	7.31 g/cm3	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	220 MPa	17 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	50 GPa	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	1.65	1.5
Brinell Hardness	50 MPa	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	231.93 °C	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	2602 °C	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	67 W/mK	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	22 µm/mK	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.227 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	7.029 kJ/mol	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	295.8 kJ/mol	177.7 kJ/mol

Cadmium and Lead – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of cadmium and lead, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Cadmium vs Lead.

cadmium and lead - comparison

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Cadmium and Lead – About Elements

Cadmium

Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section.

Lead

Cadmium in Periodic Table

Lead in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Cadmium and Lead – Applications

Cadmium

Cadmium is primarily consumed for the production of rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries. In 2009, 86% of cadmium was used in batteries, predominantly in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Other end uses include pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics. Solar cell manufacturing may become another significant market for cadmium in the future. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section.

Lead

Cadmium and Lead – Comparison in Table

Element	Cadmium	Lead
Density	8.65 g/cm3	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	75 MPa	17 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	50 GPa	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	2	1.5
Brinell Hardness	303 MPa	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	321.07 °C	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	767 °C	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	97 W/mK	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	30.8 µm/mK	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.23 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	6.192 kJ/mol	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	99.57 kJ/mol	177.7 kJ/mol

Platinum and Gold – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of platinum and gold, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Platinum vs Gold.

platinum and gold - comparison

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Platinum and Gold – About Elements

Platinum

Gold

Platinum in Periodic Table

Gold in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Platinum and Gold – Applications

Platinum

Gold

Platinum and Gold – Comparison in Table

Element	Platinum	Gold
Density	21.09 g/cm3	19.3 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	150 MPa	220 MPa
Yield Strength	70 MPa	205 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	168 GPa	79 GPa
Mohs Scale	3.5	2.75
Brinell Hardness	400 MPa	190 MPa
Vickers Hardness	550 MPa	215 MPa
Melting Point	1772 °C	1064 °C
Boiling Point	3827 °C	2970 °C
Thermal Conductivity	72 W/mK	320 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.8 µm/mK	14.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K	0.128 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	19.6 kJ/mol	12.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	510 kJ/mol	334.4 kJ/mol

Antimony and Lead – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of antimony and lead, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Antimony vs Lead.

antimony and lead - comparison

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Antimony and Lead – About Elements

Antimony

Lead

Antimony in Periodic Table

Lead in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Antimony and Lead – Applications

Antimony

Lead

Antimony and Lead – Comparison in Table

Element	Antimony	Lead
Density	6.697 g/cm3	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	11 MPa	17 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	55 GPa	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	3.15	1.5
Brinell Hardness	300 MPa	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	631 °C	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	1950 °C	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	24 W/mK	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11 µm/mK	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.21 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	19.87 kJ/mol	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	77.14 kJ/mol	177.7 kJ/mol

Gold and Lead – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of gold and lead, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Gold vs Lead.

gold and lead - comparison

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Gold and Lead – About Elements

Gold

Lead

Gold in Periodic Table

Lead in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Gold and Lead – Applications

Gold

Lead

Gold and Lead – Comparison in Table

Element	Gold	Lead
Density	19.3 g/cm3	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	220 MPa	17 MPa
Yield Strength	205 MPa	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	79 GPa	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	2.75	1.5
Brinell Hardness	190 MPa	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	215 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	1064 °C	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	2970 °C	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	320 W/mK	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	14.2 µm/mK	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.128 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	12.55 kJ/mol	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	334.4 kJ/mol	177.7 kJ/mol