Nick Connor, Autor Material Properties

Hafnium and Tantalum – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-26 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of hafnium and tantalum, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Hafnium vs Tantalum.

hafnium and tantalum - comparison

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Hafnium and Tantalum – About Elements

Hafnium

Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in many zirconium minerals. Hafnium’s large neutron capture cross-section makes it a good material for neutron absorption in control rods in nuclear power plants, but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron-transparent corrosion-resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors.

Tantalum

Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant.

Hafnium in Periodic Table

Tantalum in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Hafnium and Tantalum – Applications

Hafnium

Hafnium has good neutron-absorbing properties, and hence it is used in control rods in nuclear reactors, but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron-transparent corrosion-resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors. While hafnium nitride is the most refractory of all the metal nitrides, hafnium carbide is the most refractory of all the binary materials. With a melting point of about 3900 °C it is one of the most refractory binary compounds known. Hafnium has been successfully alloyed with several metals including iron, titanium and niobium.

Tantalum

Tantalum consumption is dominated by capacitors for electronic equipment. Capacitors are electrical components that store energy electrostatically in an electric field, and are used in a wide variety of electric and electronic products. Major end uses for tantalum capacitors include portable telephones, pagers, personal computers, and automotive electronics. Alloyed with other metals, tantalum is also used in making carbide tools for metalworking equipment and in the production of superalloys for jet engine components. Compounds of tantalum such as tantalum pentoxide is used to make capacitors and glass with a high index of refraction for use in camera lenses.

Hafnium and Tantalum – Comparison in Table

Element	Hafnium	Tantalum
Density	13.31 g/cm3	16.65 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	480 MPa	760 MPa
Yield Strength	125 MPa	705 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	78 GPa	186 GPa
Mohs Scale	5.5	6.5
Brinell Hardness	1700 MPa	800 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1700 MPa	870 MPa
Melting Point	2227 °C	2996 °C
Boiling Point	4600 °C	5425 °C
Thermal Conductivity	23 W/mK	57 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	5.9 µm/mK	6.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.14 J/g K	0.14 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	24.06 kJ/mol	31.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	575 kJ/mol	743 kJ/mol

Tungsten and Iridium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-26 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of tungsten and iridium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Tungsten vs Iridium.

tungsten and iridium - comparison

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Tugsten and Iridium – About Elements

Tungsten

Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work.

Iridium

Iridium is a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, iridium is generally credited with being the second densest element (after osmium). It is also the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C.

Tungsten in Periodic Table

Iridium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Tungsten and Iridium – Applications

Tungsten

Tungsten is widely used metal. Approximately half of the tungsten is consumed for the production of hard materials – namely tungsten carbide – with the remaining major use being in alloys and steels. Mining and mineral processing demand wear-resistant machines and components, because the energies and masses of interacting bodies are significant. For this purposes, materials with the highest wear-resistance must be used. For example, tungsten carbide is used extensively in mining in top hammer rock drill bits, downhole hammers, roller-cutters, long wall plough chisels, long wall shearer picks, raiseboring reamers, and tunnel boring machines. The remaining 40% is generally used to make various alloys and specialty steels, electrodes, filaments, wires, as well as diverse components for electric, electronic, heating, lighting, and welding applications. High-speed steels are complex iron-base alloys of carbon, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, or tungsten (as much as 18%), or combinations there of.

Iridium

Iridium is mainly consumed by the automotive, electronic, and chemical industries. Iridium metal is employed when high corrosion resistance at high temperatures is needed, as in high-performance spark plugs, crucibles for recrystallization of semiconductors at high temperatures, and electrodes for the production of chlorine in the chloralkali process. The demand for iridium surged from 2.5 tonnes in 2009 to 10.4 tonnes in 2010, mostly because of electronics-related applications that saw a rise from 0.2 to 6 tonnes – iridium crucibles are commonly used for growing large high-quality single crystals, demand for which has increased sharply.

Tungsten and Iridium – Comparison in Table

Element	Tungsten	Iridium
Density	19.25 g/cm3	22.65 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	980 MPa	2000 MPa
Yield Strength	750 MPa	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	411 GPa	528 GPa
Mohs Scale	7.5	6.25
Brinell Hardness	3000 MPa	1670 MPa
Vickers Hardness	3500 MPa	1760 MPa
Melting Point	3410 °C	2410 °C
Boiling Point	59300 °C	4130 °C
Thermal Conductivity	170 W/mK	150 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	4.5 µm/mK	6.4 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	35.4 kJ/mol	26.1 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	824 kJ/mol	604 kJ/mol

Tungsten and Gold – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-26 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of tungsten and gold, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Tungsten vs Gold.

tungsten and gold - comparison

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Tugsten and Gold – About Elements

Tungsten

Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work.

Gold

Gold is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars.

Tungsten in Periodic Table

Gold in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Tungsten and Gold – Applications

Tungsten

Gold

Gold is used extensively in jewellery, either in its pure form or as an alloy. About 75% of all gold produced is used in the jewelry industry. Pure gold is too soft to stand up to the stresses applied to many jewelry items. Craftsmen learned that alloying gold with other metals such as copper, silver, and platinum would increase its durability. The term ‘carat’ indicates the amount of gold present in an alloy. 24-carat is pure gold, but it is very soft. 18- and 9-carat gold alloys are commonly used because they are more durable. Gold’s high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, and conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices (its chief industrial use). Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, and tooth restoration. Only 10% of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry, but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion-free electrical connectors in computers and other electrical devices.

Tungsten and Gold – Comparison in Table

Element	Tungsten	Gold
Density	19.25 g/cm3	19.3 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	980 MPa	220 MPa
Yield Strength	750 MPa	205 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	411 GPa	79 GPa
Mohs Scale	7.5	2.75
Brinell Hardness	3000 MPa	190 MPa
Vickers Hardness	3500 MPa	215 MPa
Melting Point	3410 °C	1064 °C
Boiling Point	59300 °C	2970 °C
Thermal Conductivity	170 W/mK	320 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	4.5 µm/mK	14.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K	0.128 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	35.4 kJ/mol	12.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	824 kJ/mol	334.4 kJ/mol

Tungsten and Rhenium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-26 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of tungsten and rhenium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Tungsten vs Rhenium.

tungsten and rhenium - comparison

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Tugsten and Rhenium – About Elements

Tungsten

Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work.

Rhenium

Rhenium is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table.

Tungsten in Periodic Table

Rhenium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Tungsten and Rhenium – Applications

Tungsten

Rhenium

More than 80% of the global rhenium usage is in high-temperature superalloys for aircraft applications like turbine blades and engine parts. These alloys contain up to 6% rhenium, making jet engine construction the largest single use for the element. Rhenium is added to nickel-based super alloys to improve creep strength of the alloys. The remaining demand is mostly from petrochemical refining industries. Platinum-rhenium catalysts that are chiefly used in lead-free, high-octane gasoline are another major application of rhenium.

Tungsten and Rhenium – Comparison in Table

Element	Tungsten	Rhenium
Density	19.25 g/cm3	21.02 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	980 MPa	1070 MPa
Yield Strength	750 MPa	290 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	411 GPa	463 GPa
Mohs Scale	7.5	7
Brinell Hardness	3000 MPa	1400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	3500 MPa	2500 MPa
Melting Point	3410 °C	3180 °C
Boiling Point	59300 °C	5600 °C
Thermal Conductivity	170 W/mK	48 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	4.5 µm/mK	6.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	35.4 kJ/mol	33.2 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	824 kJ/mol	715 kJ/mol

Tungsten and Platinum – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-26 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of tungsten and platinum, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Tungsten vs Platinum.

tungsten and platinum - comparison

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Tugsten and Platinum – About Elements

Tungsten

Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work.

Platinum

Platinum is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Platinum is one of the least reactive metals. It has remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered a noble metal. Platinum is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry.

Tungsten in Periodic Table

Platinum in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Tungsten and Platinum – Applications

Tungsten

Platinum

Platinum is primarily an industrial metal. It is a critical material for many industries and is considered a strategic metal. Platinum is used as a catalyst, platinum is mostly found in vehicle catalytic converters that reduce toxic exhaust chemicals, and also in fuel cells to increase efficiency. The most common use of platinum is as a catalyst in chemical reactions, often as platinum black. In catalytic converters, platinum allows the complete combustion of low concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Platinum has been used in thermocouple devices that measure temperature with high accuracy. Platinum is a component in magnetic coatings for high-density hard disk drives and some of the newer optical storage systems.

Tungsten and Platinum – Comparison in Table

Element	Tungsten	Platinum
Density	19.25 g/cm3	21.09 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	980 MPa	150 MPa
Yield Strength	750 MPa	70 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	411 GPa	168 GPa
Mohs Scale	7.5	3.5
Brinell Hardness	3000 MPa	400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	3500 MPa	550 MPa
Melting Point	3410 °C	1772 °C
Boiling Point	59300 °C	3827 °C
Thermal Conductivity	170 W/mK	72 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	4.5 µm/mK	8.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	35.4 kJ/mol	19.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	824 kJ/mol	510 kJ/mol

Iridium and Platinum – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-26 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of iridium and platinum, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Iridium vs Platinum.

iridium and platinum - comparison

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Iridium and Platinum – About Elements

Iridium

Platinum

Iridium in Periodic Table

Platinum in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Iridium and Platinum – Applications

Iridium

Platinum

Iridium and Platinum – Comparison in Table

Element	Iridium	Platinum
Density	22.65 g/cm3	21.09 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	2000 MPa	150 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	70 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	528 GPa	168 GPa
Mohs Scale	6.25	3.5
Brinell Hardness	1670 MPa	400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1760 MPa	550 MPa
Melting Point	2410 °C	1772 °C
Boiling Point	4130 °C	3827 °C
Thermal Conductivity	150 W/mK	72 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	6.4 µm/mK	8.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	26.1 kJ/mol	19.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	604 kJ/mol	510 kJ/mol

Osmium and Iridium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-26 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of osmium and iridium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Osmium vs Iridium.

osmium and iridium - comparison

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Osmium and Iridium – About Elements

Osmium

Osmium is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of 22.59 g/cm3. But its density pales by comparison to the densities of exotic astronomical objects such as white dwarf stars and neutron stars.

Iridium

Osmium in Periodic Table

Iridium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Osmium and Iridium – Applications

Osmium

Due to its rarity and hence expense, osmium has only a few industrial uses. It is used to produce very hard alloys for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, needles and electrical contacts. It is also used in the chemical industry as a catalyst. Finely divided osmium metal can be used as a catalyst e.g. in the process of forming ammonia by combining hydrogen and nitrogen.

Iridium

Osmium and Iridium – Comparison in Table

Element	Osmium	Iridium
Density	22.61 g/cm3	22.65 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1000 MPa	2000 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	528 GPa
Mohs Scale	7	6.25
Brinell Hardness	3900 MPa	1670 MPa
Vickers Hardness	4140 MPa	1760 MPa
Melting Point	3045 °C	2410 °C
Boiling Point	5030 °C	4130 °C
Thermal Conductivity	88 W/mK	150 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	5.1 µm/mK	6.4 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	31.8 kJ/mol	26.1 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	746 kJ/mol	604 kJ/mol

Iridium and Gold – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-26 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of iridium and gold, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Iridium vs Gold.

iridium and gold - comparison

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Iridium and Gold – About Elements

Iridium

Gold

Iridium in Periodic Table

Gold in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Iridium and Gold – Applications

Iridium

Gold

Iridium and Gold – Comparison in Table

Element	Iridium	Gold
Density	22.65 g/cm3	19.3 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	2000 MPa	220 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	205 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	528 GPa	79 GPa
Mohs Scale	6.25	2.75
Brinell Hardness	1670 MPa	190 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1760 MPa	215 MPa
Melting Point	2410 °C	1064 °C
Boiling Point	4130 °C	2970 °C
Thermal Conductivity	150 W/mK	320 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	6.4 µm/mK	14.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K	0.128 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	26.1 kJ/mol	12.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	604 kJ/mol	334.4 kJ/mol

Osmium and Gold – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-26 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of osmium and gold, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Osmium vs Gold.

osmium and gold - comparison

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Osmium and Gold – About Elements

Osmium

Gold

Osmium in Periodic Table

Gold in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Osmium and Gold – Applications

Osmium

Gold

Osmium and Gold – Comparison in Table

Element	Osmium	Gold
Density	22.61 g/cm3	19.3 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1000 MPa	220 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	205 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	79 GPa
Mohs Scale	7	2.75
Brinell Hardness	3900 MPa	190 MPa
Vickers Hardness	4140 MPa	215 MPa
Melting Point	3045 °C	1064 °C
Boiling Point	5030 °C	2970 °C
Thermal Conductivity	88 W/mK	320 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	5.1 µm/mK	14.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K	0.128 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	31.8 kJ/mol	12.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	746 kJ/mol	334.4 kJ/mol

Silver and Platinum – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of silver and platinum, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Silver vs Platinum.

silver and platinum - comparison

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Silver and Platinum – About Elements

Silver

Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth’s crust in the pure, free elemental form (“native silver”), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.

Platinum

Silver in Periodic Table

Platinum in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Silver and Platinum – Applications

Silver

Silver has long been valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes alongside gold. Silver has many important, far-reaching technological and electronic applications. It’s used in everything from cell phones, computers and semiconductors to automobiles, water-purification systems and—because it is the best conductor of heat of all elements—spacecraft solar radiation tiles. Silver is of the upmost importance in photography (where approximately 30% of the U.S. Industrial consumption goes into this application). The medical uses of silver include its use in wound dressings, creams, and as an antibiotic coating on medical devices. Wound dressings containing silver sulfadiazine or silver nanomaterials may be used on external infections.

Platinum

Silver and Platinum – Comparison in Table

Element	Silver	Platinum
Density	10.49 g/cm3	21.09 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	110 MPa	150 MPa
Yield Strength	45 MPa	70 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	83 GPa	168 GPa
Mohs Scale	3.25	3.5
Brinell Hardness	210 MPa	400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	251 MPa	550 MPa
Melting Point	961.78 °C	1772 °C
Boiling Point	2162 °C	3827 °C
Thermal Conductivity	430 W/mK	72 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	18.9 µm/mK	8.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.235 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	11.3 kJ/mol	19.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	250.58 kJ/mol	510 kJ/mol