Nick Connor, Autor Material Properties

Mercury and Lead – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of mercury and lead, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Mercury vs Lead.

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Mercury and Lead – About Elements

Mercury

Mercury is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum. Mercury is a heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.

Lead

Lead is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. Lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and concludes three major decay chains of heavier elements.

Mercury in Periodic Table

Lead in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mercury and Lead – Applications

Mercury

Mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications. However, because of its toxicity, many uses of mercury are being phased out or are under review. It is used in some thermometers, especially ones which are used to measure high temperatures. Mercury easily forms alloys, called amalgams, with other metals such as gold, silver and tin. The ease with which it amalgamates with gold made it useful in recovering gold from its ores. Mercury amalgams were also used in dental fillings. Gaseous mercury is used in mercury-vapor lamps and some “neon sign” type advertising signs and fluorescent lamps.

Lead

Lead metal has several useful mechanical properties, including high density, low melting point, ductility, and relative inertness. Lead is widely used for car batteries, pigments, ammunition, cable sheathing, weights for lifting, weight belts for diving, lead crystal glass, radiation protection and in some solders. The largest use of lead in the early 21st century is in lead–acid batteries. The lead in batteries undergoes no direct contact with humans, so there are fewer toxicity concerns. Lead is used in high voltage power cables as sheathing material to prevent water diffusion into insulation; this use is decreasing as lead is being phased out. A lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. On the other hand depleted uranium is much more effective due to its higher Z. Depleted uranium is used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources.

Mercury and Lead – Comparison in Table

Element	Mercury	Lead
Density	13.534 g/cm3	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	17 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	1.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-38.9 °C	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	357 °C	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	8.3 W/mK	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	60.4 µm/mK	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.139 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	2.295 kJ/mol	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	59.229 kJ/mol	177.7 kJ/mol

Krypton and Xenon – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of krypton and xenon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Krypton vs Xenon.

krypton and xenon - comparison

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Krypton and Xenon – About Elements

Krypton

Krypton is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps.

Xenon

Xenon is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in the Earth’s atmosphere in trace amounts.[10] Although generally unreactive, xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions. Xenon was first discovered in 1898 by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers. The name xenon for this gas comes from the Greek word ξένον [xenon], neuter singular form of ξένος [xenos], meaning ‘foreign(er)’, ‘strange(r)’, or ‘guest’. In nuclear industry, especially artificial xenon 135 has a tremendous impact on the operation of a nuclear reactor. For physicists and for reactor operators, it is important to understand the mechanisms that produce and remove xenon from the reactor to predict how the reactor will respond following changes in power level.

Krypton in Periodic Table

Xenon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Krypton and Xenon – Applications

Krypton

Krypton’s multiple emission lines make ionized krypton gas discharges appear whitish, which in turn makes krypton-based bulbs useful in photography as a white light source. Krypton is used in some photographic flashes for high speed photography. Krypton is also used in MRI/CT techniques.

Xenon

Xenon is useful in the following applications. The white flash of light produced by xenon makes it suitable for usage in strobe lights and to power ruby lasers. Xenon is used in light-emitting devices called xenon flash lamps, used in photographic flashes and stroboscopic lamps.

Krypton and Xenon – Comparison in Table

Element	Krypton	Xenon
Density	0.00375 g/cm3	0.0059 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-248 °C	-157.36 °C
Boiling Point	-248.7 °C	-153.22 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.00949 W/mK	0.00565 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	0.248 J/g K	0.158 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	1.638 kJ/mol	2.297 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	9.029 kJ/mol	12.636 kJ/mol

Niobium and Tantalum – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-22 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of niobium and tantalum, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Niobium vs Tantalum.

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Niobium and Tantalum – About Elements

Niobium

Niobium is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, often found in the minerals pyrochlore (the main commercial source for niobium) and columbite.

Tantalum

Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant.

Niobium in Periodic Table

Tantalum in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Niobium and Tantalum – Applications

Niobium

Niobium consumption is dominated by its use as additive to high strength low alloy steel and stainless steel for oil and gas pipelines, car and truck bodies, architectural requirements, tool steels, ships hulls, railroad tracks. However, there are a number of other applications for niobium metal and its compounds. Although niobium has many applications the majority is used in the production of high-grade structural steel. The second largest application for niobium is in nickel-based superalloys. Niobium-tin alloys are used as superconducting magnets.

Tantalum

Tantalum consumption is dominated by capacitors for electronic equipment. Capacitors are electrical components that store energy electrostatically in an electric field, and are used in a wide variety of electric and electronic products. Major end uses for tantalum capacitors include portable telephones, pagers, personal computers, and automotive electronics. Alloyed with other metals, tantalum is also used in making carbide tools for metalworking equipment and in the production of superalloys for jet engine components. Compounds of tantalum such as tantalum pentoxide is used to make capacitors and glass with a high index of refraction for use in camera lenses.

Niobium and Tantalum – Comparison in Table

Element	Niobium	Tantalum
Density	8.57 g/cm3	16.65 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	275 MPa	760 MPa
Yield Strength	70 MPa	705 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	105 GPa	186 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	6.5
Brinell Hardness	740 MPa	800 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1300 MPa	870 MPa
Melting Point	2477 °C	2996 °C
Boiling Point	4744 °C	5425 °C
Thermal Conductivity	53.7 W/mK	57 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	7.3 µm/mK	6.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.26 J/g K	0.14 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	26.4 kJ/mol	31.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	682 kJ/mol	743 kJ/mol

Niobium and Tin – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-22 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of niobium and tin, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Niobium vs Tin.

niobium and tin - comparison

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Niobium and Tin – About Elements

Niobium

Niobium is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, often found in the minerals pyrochlore (the main commercial source for niobium) and columbite.

Tin

Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains tin dioxide. The first alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of tin and copper, from as early as 3000 BC.

Niobium in Periodic Table

Tin in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Niobium and Tin – Applications

Niobium

Tin

The largest single application of tin is in the manufacture of tinplate (steel sheet coated with tin), which accounts for approximately 40% of total world tin consumption. Tin bonds readily to iron and steel to prevent corrosion. Tin-plated steel containers are widely used for food preservation, and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. Tinning is the process of thinly coating sheets of wrought iron or steel with tin, and the resulting product is known as tinplate. The term is also widely used for the different process of coating a metal with solder before soldering. There are two processes for the tinning of the black plates: hot-dipping and electroplating.

Niobium and Tin – Comparison in Table

Element	Niobium	Tin
Density	8.57 g/cm3	7.31 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	275 MPa	220 MPa
Yield Strength	70 MPa	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	105 GPa	50 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	1.65
Brinell Hardness	740 MPa	50 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1300 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	2477 °C	231.93 °C
Boiling Point	4744 °C	2602 °C
Thermal Conductivity	53.7 W/mK	67 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	7.3 µm/mK	22 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.26 J/g K	0.227 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	26.4 kJ/mol	7.029 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	682 kJ/mol	295.8 kJ/mol

Rhodium and Iridium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-22 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of rhodium and iridium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Rhodium vs Iridium.

rhodium and iridium - comparison

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Rhodium and Iridium – About Elements

Rhodium

Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion resistant and chemically inert transition metal. It is a noble metal and a member of the platinum group.

Iridium

Iridium is a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, iridium is generally credited with being the second densest element (after osmium). It is also the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C.

Rhodium in Periodic Table

Iridium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Rhodium and Iridium – Applications

Rhodium

The element’s major use (approximately 80% of world rhodium production) is as one of the catalysts in the three-way catalytic converters in automobiles. Because rhodium metal is inert against corrosion and most aggressive chemicals, and because of its rarity, rhodium is usually alloyed with platinum or palladium and applied in high-temperature and corrosion-resistive coatings. In nuclear reactors, rhodium-based detectors are often used for incore neutron flux measuring.

Iridium

Iridium is mainly consumed by the automotive, electronic, and chemical industries. Iridium metal is employed when high corrosion resistance at high temperatures is needed, as in high-performance spark plugs, crucibles for recrystallization of semiconductors at high temperatures, and electrodes for the production of chlorine in the chloralkali process. The demand for iridium surged from 2.5 tonnes in 2009 to 10.4 tonnes in 2010, mostly because of electronics-related applications that saw a rise from 0.2 to 6 tonnes – iridium crucibles are commonly used for growing large high-quality single crystals, demand for which has increased sharply.

Rhodium and Iridium – Comparison in Table

Element	Rhodium	Iridium
Density	12.45 g/cm3	22.65 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	950 MPa	2000 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	380 GPa	528 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	6.25
Brinell Hardness	1100 MPa	1670 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1246 MPa	1760 MPa
Melting Point	1964 °C	2410 °C
Boiling Point	3695 °C	4130 °C
Thermal Conductivity	150 W/mK	150 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.2 µm/mK	6.4 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.242 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	21.5 kJ/mol	26.1 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	493 kJ/mol	604 kJ/mol

Rhodium and Rhenium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-22 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of rhodium and rhenium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Rhodium vs Rhenium.

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Rhodium and Rhenium – About Elements

Rhodium

Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion resistant and chemically inert transition metal. It is a noble metal and a member of the platinum group.

Rhenium

Rhenium is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table.

Rhodium in Periodic Table

Rhenium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Rhodium and Rhenium – Applications

Rhodium

Rhenium

More than 80% of the global rhenium usage is in high-temperature superalloys for aircraft applications like turbine blades and engine parts. These alloys contain up to 6% rhenium, making jet engine construction the largest single use for the element. Rhenium is added to nickel-based super alloys to improve creep strength of the alloys. The remaining demand is mostly from petrochemical refining industries. Platinum-rhenium catalysts that are chiefly used in lead-free, high-octane gasoline are another major application of rhenium.

Rhodium and Rhenium – Comparison in Table

Element	Rhodium	Rhenium
Density	12.45 g/cm3	21.02 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	950 MPa	1070 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	290 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	380 GPa	463 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	7
Brinell Hardness	1100 MPa	1400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1246 MPa	2500 MPa
Melting Point	1964 °C	3180 °C
Boiling Point	3695 °C	5600 °C
Thermal Conductivity	150 W/mK	48 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.2 µm/mK	6.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.242 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	21.5 kJ/mol	33.2 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	493 kJ/mol	715 kJ/mol

Rhodium and Silver – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-22 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of rhodium and silver, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Rhodium vs Silver.

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Rhodium and Silver – About Elements

Rhodium

Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion resistant and chemically inert transition metal. It is a noble metal and a member of the platinum group.

Silver

Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth’s crust in the pure, free elemental form (“native silver”), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.

Rhodium in Periodic Table

Silver in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Rhodium and Silver – Applications

Rhodium

Silver

Silver has long been valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes alongside gold. Silver has many important, far-reaching technological and electronic applications. It’s used in everything from cell phones, computers and semiconductors to automobiles, water-purification systems and—because it is the best conductor of heat of all elements—spacecraft solar radiation tiles. Silver is of the upmost importance in photography (where approximately 30% of the U.S. Industrial consumption goes into this application). The medical uses of silver include its use in wound dressings, creams, and as an antibiotic coating on medical devices. Wound dressings containing silver sulfadiazine or silver nanomaterials may be used on external infections.

Rhodium and Silver – Comparison in Table

Element	Rhodium	Silver
Density	12.45 g/cm3	10.49 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	950 MPa	110 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	45 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	380 GPa	83 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	3.25
Brinell Hardness	1100 MPa	210 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1246 MPa	251 MPa
Melting Point	1964 °C	961.78 °C
Boiling Point	3695 °C	2162 °C
Thermal Conductivity	150 W/mK	430 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.2 µm/mK	18.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.242 J/g K	0.235 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	21.5 kJ/mol	11.3 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	493 kJ/mol	250.58 kJ/mol

Rhodium and Palladium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-22 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of rhodium and palladium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Rhodium vs Palladium.

rhodium and palladium - comparison

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Rhodium and Palladium – About Elements

Rhodium

Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion resistant and chemically inert transition metal. It is a noble metal and a member of the platinum group.

Palladium

Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). These have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them. More than half the supply of palladium and its congener platinum is used in catalytic converters.

Rhodium in Periodic Table

Palladium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Rhodium and Palladium – Applications

Rhodium

Palladium

More than half the supply of palladium and its congener platinum is used in catalytic converters, which convert as much as 90% of the harmful gases in automobile exhaust into less noxious substances. Palladium is also used in electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwater treatment, and jewelry. Palladium-based alloys are being extensively used in fuel cell technology applications. The metal is also employed in historic photographic printing process. Palladium has been used as a precious metal in jewelry since 1939 as an alternative to platinum in the alloys called “white gold”.

Rhodium and Palladium – Comparison in Table

Element	Rhodium	Palladium
Density	12.45 g/cm3	12.023 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	950 MPa	135 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	30 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	380 GPa	121 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	4.8
Brinell Hardness	1100 MPa	320 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1246 MPa	400 MPa
Melting Point	1964 °C	1554.9 °C
Boiling Point	3695 °C	2963 °C
Thermal Conductivity	150 W/mK	72 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.2 µm/mK	11.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.242 J/g K	0.24 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	21.5 kJ/mol	17.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	493 kJ/mol	357 kJ/mol

Rhodium and Gold – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-22 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of rhodium and gold, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Rhodium vs Gold.

rhodium and gold - comparison

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Rhodium and Gold – About Elements

Rhodium

Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion resistant and chemically inert transition metal. It is a noble metal and a member of the platinum group.

Gold

Gold is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars.

Rhodium in Periodic Table

Gold in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Rhodium and Gold – Applications

Rhodium

Gold

Gold is used extensively in jewellery, either in its pure form or as an alloy. About 75% of all gold produced is used in the jewelry industry. Pure gold is too soft to stand up to the stresses applied to many jewelry items. Craftsmen learned that alloying gold with other metals such as copper, silver, and platinum would increase its durability. The term ‘carat’ indicates the amount of gold present in an alloy. 24-carat is pure gold, but it is very soft. 18- and 9-carat gold alloys are commonly used because they are more durable. Gold’s high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, and conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices (its chief industrial use). Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, and tooth restoration. Only 10% of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry, but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion-free electrical connectors in computers and other electrical devices.

Rhodium and Gold – Comparison in Table

Element	Rhodium	Gold
Density	12.45 g/cm3	19.3 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	950 MPa	220 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	205 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	380 GPa	79 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	2.75
Brinell Hardness	1100 MPa	190 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1246 MPa	215 MPa
Melting Point	1964 °C	1064 °C
Boiling Point	3695 °C	2970 °C
Thermal Conductivity	150 W/mK	320 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.2 µm/mK	14.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.242 J/g K	0.128 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	21.5 kJ/mol	12.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	493 kJ/mol	334.4 kJ/mol

Rhodium and Platinum – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-22 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of rhodium and platinum, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Rhodium vs Platinum.

rhodium and platinum - comparison

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Rhodium and Platinum – About Elements

Rhodium

Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion resistant and chemically inert transition metal. It is a noble metal and a member of the platinum group.

Platinum

Platinum is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Platinum is one of the least reactive metals. It has remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered a noble metal. Platinum is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry.

Rhodium in Periodic Table

Platinum in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Rhodium and Platinum – Applications

Rhodium

Platinum

Platinum is primarily an industrial metal. It is a critical material for many industries and is considered a strategic metal. Platinum is used as a catalyst, platinum is mostly found in vehicle catalytic converters that reduce toxic exhaust chemicals, and also in fuel cells to increase efficiency. The most common use of platinum is as a catalyst in chemical reactions, often as platinum black. In catalytic converters, platinum allows the complete combustion of low concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Platinum has been used in thermocouple devices that measure temperature with high accuracy. Platinum is a component in magnetic coatings for high-density hard disk drives and some of the newer optical storage systems.

Rhodium and Platinum – Comparison in Table

Element	Rhodium	Platinum
Density	12.45 g/cm3	21.09 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	950 MPa	150 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	70 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	380 GPa	168 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	3.5
Brinell Hardness	1100 MPa	400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1246 MPa	550 MPa
Melting Point	1964 °C	1772 °C
Boiling Point	3695 °C	3827 °C
Thermal Conductivity	150 W/mK	72 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.2 µm/mK	8.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.242 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	21.5 kJ/mol	19.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	493 kJ/mol	510 kJ/mol