Nick Connor, Autor Material Properties

Cobalt and Cadmium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-20 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of cobalt and cadmium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Cobalt vs Cadmium.

cobalt and cadmium - comparison

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Cobalt and Cadmium – About Elements

Cobalt

Cobalt is found in the Earth’s crust only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal.

Cadmium

Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section.

Cobalt in Periodic Table

Cadmium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Cobalt and Cadmium – Applications

Cobalt

Cobalt has been used in many industrial, commercial, and military applications. Cobalt is primarily used in lithium-ion batteries, and in the manufacture of magnetic, wear-resistant and high-strength alloys. Cobalt-based Superalloys. This class of alloys is relatively new. In 2006, Sato et al. discovered a new phase in the Co–Al–W system. Unlike other superalloys, cobalt-base alloys are characterized by a solid-solution-strengthened austenitic (fcc) matrix in which a small quantity of carbide is distributed. While not used commercially to the extent of Ni-based superalloys, alloying elements found in research Co-based alloys are C, Cr, W, Ni, Ti, Al, Ir, and Ta. They possess better weldability and thermal fatigue resistance as compared to nickel based alloy. Moreover, they have excellent corrosion resistance at high temperatures (980-1100 °C) because of their higher chromium contents. Several cobalt compounds are oxidation catalysts. Typical catalysts are the cobalt carboxylates (known as cobalt soaps). They are also used in paints, varnishes, and inks as “drying agents” through the oxidation of drying oils.

Cadmium

Cadmium is primarily consumed for the production of rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries. In 2009, 86% of cadmium was used in batteries, predominantly in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Other end uses include pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics. Solar cell manufacturing may become another significant market for cadmium in the future. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section.

Cobalt and Cadmium – Comparison in Table

Element	Cobalt	Cadmium
Density	8.9 g/cm3	8.65 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	800 MPa	75 MPa
Yield Strength	220 MPa	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	209 GPa	50 GPa
Mohs Scale	5	2
Brinell Hardness	800 MPa	203 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1040 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	1495 °C	321.07 °C
Boiling Point	2927 °C	767 °C
Thermal Conductivity	100 W/mK	97 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13 µm/mK	30.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.42 J/g K	0.23 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.19 kJ/mol	6.192 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	376.5 kJ/mol	99.57 kJ/mol

Cobalt and Copper – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-20 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of cobalt and copper, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Cobalt vs Copper.

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Cobalt and Copper – About Elements

Cobalt

Copper

Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.

Cobalt in Periodic Table

Copper in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Cobalt and Copper – Applications

Cobalt

Copper

Historically, alloying copper with another metal, for example tin to make bronze, was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after “natural bronze” had come into general use. An ancient civilization is defined to be in the Bronze Age either by producing bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin, arsenic, or other metals. The major applications of copper are electrical wire (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%), and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is used mostly as a pure metal, but when greater hardness is required, it is put into such alloys as brass and bronze (5% of total use). Copper and copper-based alloys including brasses (Cu-Zn) and bronzes (Cu-Sn) are widely used in different industrial and societal applications. Some of the common uses for brass alloys include costume jewelry, locks, hinges, gears, bearings, ammunition casings, automotive radiators, musical instruments, electronic packaging, and coins. Bronze, or bronze-like alloys and mixtures, were used for coins over a longer period. is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings, automobile transmission pilot bearings, and similar fittings, and is particularly common in the bearings of small electric motors. Brass and bronze are common engineering materials in modern architecture and primarily used for roofing and facade cladding due to their visual appearance.

Cobalt and Copper – Comparison in Table

Element	Cobalt	Copper
Density	8.9 g/cm3	8.92 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	800 MPa	210 MPa
Yield Strength	220 MPa	33 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	209 GPa	120 GPa
Mohs Scale	5	3
Brinell Hardness	800 MPa	250 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1040 MPa	350 MPa
Melting Point	1495 °C	1084.62 °C
Boiling Point	2927 °C	2562 °C
Thermal Conductivity	100 W/mK	401 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13 µm/mK	16.5 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.42 J/g K	0.38 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.19 kJ/mol	13.05 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	376.5 kJ/mol	300.3 kJ/mol

Iron and Lead – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of iron and lead, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Iron vs Lead.

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Iron and Lead – About Elements

Iron

Iron is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars.

Lead

Lead is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. Lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and concludes three major decay chains of heavier elements.

Iron in Periodic Table

Lead in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Iron and Lead – Applications

Iron

Iron is used in numerous sectors such as electronics, manufacturing, automotive, and construction and building. Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for over 90% of worldwide metal produc0tion. Its low cost and high strength often make it the material of choice material to withstand stress or transmit forces, such as the construction of machinery and machine tools, rails, automobiles, ship hulls, concrete reinforcing bars, and the load-carrying framework of buildings. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly combined with alloying elements to make steel. Steels are iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great ductility for the greater strength. Due to its very-high strength, but still substantial toughness, and its ability to be greatly altered by heat treatment, steel is one of the most useful and common ferrous alloy in modern use. There are thousands of alloys that have different compositions and/or heat treatments. The mechanical properties are sensitive to the content of carbon, which is normally less than 1.0 wt%.

Lead

Lead metal has several useful mechanical properties, including high density, low melting point, ductility, and relative inertness. Lead is widely used for car batteries, pigments, ammunition, cable sheathing, weights for lifting, weight belts for diving, lead crystal glass, radiation protection and in some solders. The largest use of lead in the early 21st century is in lead–acid batteries. The lead in batteries undergoes no direct contact with humans, so there are fewer toxicity concerns. Lead is used in high voltage power cables as sheathing material to prevent water diffusion into insulation; this use is decreasing as lead is being phased out. A lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. On the other hand depleted uranium is much more effective due to its higher Z. Depleted uranium is used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources.

Iron and Lead – Comparison in Table

Element	Iron	Lead
Density	7.874 g/cm3	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	540 MPa	17 MPa
Yield Strength	50 MPa	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	211 GPa	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	4.5	1.5
Brinell Hardness	490 MPa	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	608 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	1538 °C	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	2861 °C	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	80.2 W/mK	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.8 µm/mK	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.44 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	13.8 kJ/mol	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	349.6 kJ/mol	177.7 kJ/mol

Iron and Zirconium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of iron and zirconium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Iron vs Zirconium.

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Iron and Zirconium – About Elements

Iron

Zirconium

Zirconium is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier, although small amounts are used as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. Zirconium is widely used as a cladding for nuclear reactor fuels. The desired properties of these alloys are a low neutron-capture cross-section and resistance to corrosion under normal service conditions.

Iron in Periodic Table

Zirconium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Iron and Zirconium – Applications

Iron

Zirconium

Most zircon is used directly in high-temperature applications. This material is refractory, hard, and resistant to chemical attack. Because of these properties, zircon finds many applications, few of which are highly publicized. Its main use is as an opacifier, conferring a white, opaque appearance to ceramic materials. Zirconium and its alloys are widely used as a cladding for nuclear reactor fuels. Zirconium alloyed with niobium or tin has excellent corrosion properties. The high corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys results from the natural formation of a dense stable oxide on the surface of the metal. This film is self healing, it continues to grow slowly at temperatures up to approximately 550 °C (1020 °F), and it remains tightly adherent. The desired property of these alloys is also a low neutron-capture cross-section. The disadvantages of zirconium are low strength properties and low heat resistance, which can be eliminated, for example, by alloying with niobium.

Iron and Zirconium – Comparison in Table

Element	Iron	Zirconium
Density	7.874 g/cm3	6.511 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	540 MPa	330 MPa
Yield Strength	50 MPa	230 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	211 GPa	88 GPa
Mohs Scale	4.5	5
Brinell Hardness	490 MPa	650 MPa
Vickers Hardness	608 MPa	900 MPa
Melting Point	1538 °C	1855 °C
Boiling Point	2861 °C	4377 °C
Thermal Conductivity	80.2 W/mK	22.7 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.8 µm/mK	5.7 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.44 J/g K	0.27 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	13.8 kJ/mol	16.9 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	349.6 kJ/mol	591 kJ/mol

Iron and Copper – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of iron and copper, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Iron vs Copper.

iron and copper - comparison

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Iron and Copper – About Elements

Iron

Copper

Iron in Periodic Table

Copper in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Iron and Copper – Applications

Iron

Copper

Iron and Copper – Comparison in Table

Element	Iron	Copper
Density	7.874 g/cm3	8.92 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	540 MPa	210 MPa
Yield Strength	50 MPa	33 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	211 GPa	120 GPa
Mohs Scale	4.5	3
Brinell Hardness	490 MPa	250 MPa
Vickers Hardness	608 MPa	350 MPa
Melting Point	1538 °C	1084.62 °C
Boiling Point	2861 °C	2562 °C
Thermal Conductivity	80.2 W/mK	401 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.8 µm/mK	16.5 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.44 J/g K	0.38 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	13.8 kJ/mol	13.05 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	349.6 kJ/mol	300.3 kJ/mol

Iron and Nickel – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of iron and nickel, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Iron vs Nickel.

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Iron and Nickel – About Elements

Iron

Nickel

Nickel is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile.

Iron in Periodic Table

Nickel in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Iron and Nickel – Applications

Iron

Nickel

The global production of nickel is presently used as follows: 68% in stainless steel; 10% in nonferrous alloys; 9% in electroplating; 7% in alloy steel; 3% in foundries; and 4% other uses (including batteries). Nickel is used as a constituent of different types of alloys; for instance, Monel (corrosion resistant material), Nichrome (an alloy used for resistance heating elements), Permalloy (an alloy with high magnetic permeability at low field strength and low hysteresis loss), cupro-nickel, stainless steel, nickel silver, etc. Nickel based alloys (e.g. Fe-Cr-Ni(Mo) alloys) alloys exhibit excellent ductility and toughness, even at high strength levels and these properties are retained up to low temperatures. Nickel and its alloys are highly resistant to corrosion in many environments, especially those that are basic (alkaline). Nickel also reduces thermal expansion for better dimensional stability. Nickel is the base element for superalloys. These metals have excellent resistance to thermal creep deformation and retain their stiffness, strength, toughness and dimensional stability at temperatures much higher than the other aerospace structural materials.

Iron and Nickel – Comparison in Table

Element	Iron	Nickel
Density	7.874 g/cm3	8.908 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	540 MPa	345 MPa
Yield Strength	50 MPa	70 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	211 GPa	200 GPa
Mohs Scale	4.5	4
Brinell Hardness	490 MPa	700 MPa
Vickers Hardness	608 MPa	640 MPa
Melting Point	1538 °C	1455 °C
Boiling Point	2861 °C	2730 °C
Thermal Conductivity	80.2 W/mK	90.7 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.8 µm/mK	13.4 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.44 J/g K	0.44 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	13.8 kJ/mol	17.47 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	349.6 kJ/mol	370.4 kJ/mol

Iron and Cobalt – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of iron and cobalt, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Iron vs Cobalt.

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Iron and Cobalt – About Elements

Iron

Cobalt

Iron in Periodic Table

Cobalt in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Iron and Cobalt – Applications

Iron

Cobalt

Iron and Cobalt – Comparison in Table

Element	Iron	Cobalt
Density	7.874 g/cm3	8.9 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	540 MPa	800 MPa
Yield Strength	50 MPa	220 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	211 GPa	209 GPa
Mohs Scale	4.5	5
Brinell Hardness	490 MPa	800 MPa
Vickers Hardness	608 MPa	1040 MPa
Melting Point	1538 °C	1495 °C
Boiling Point	2861 °C	2927 °C
Thermal Conductivity	80.2 W/mK	100 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.8 µm/mK	13 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.44 J/g K	0.42 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	13.8 kJ/mol	16.19 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	349.6 kJ/mol	376.5 kJ/mol

Iron and Zinc – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of iron and zinc, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Iron vs Zinc.

iron and zinc - comparison

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Iron and Zinc – About Elements

Iron

Zinc

In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions are of similar size.

Iron in Periodic Table

Zinc in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Iron and Zinc – Applications

Iron

Zinc

Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Coating of steel constitutes the largest single use of zinc, but it is used in large tonnages in zinc alloy castings, as zinc dust and oxide, and in wrought zinc products. Galvanized steel is just plain carbon steel that has been coated with a thin zinc layer. The zinc protects iron by corroding first, but zinc corrodes at much lower rates than do steel. Other applications are in electrical batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and dimethylzinc or diethylzinc in the organic laboratory. A key part of the modern materials world in which zinc finds itself is recycling. Zinc, in common with all metals (and unlike synthetic materials) can be recycled indefinitely without degradation.

Iron and Zinc – Comparison in Table

Element	Iron	Zinc
Density	7.874 g/cm3	7.14 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	540 MPa	90 MPa
Yield Strength	50 MPa	75 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	211 GPa	108 GPa
Mohs Scale	4.5	2.5
Brinell Hardness	490 MPa	330 MPa
Vickers Hardness	608 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	1538 °C	419.53 °C
Boiling Point	2861 °C	907 °C
Thermal Conductivity	80.2 W/mK	116 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.8 µm/mK	30.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.44 J/g K	0.39 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	13.8 kJ/mol	7.322 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	349.6 kJ/mol	115.3 kJ/mol

Manganese and Zinc – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of manganese and zinc, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Manganese vs Zinc.

manganese and zinc - comparison

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Manganese and Zinc – About Elements

Manganese

Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Zinc

In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions are of similar size.

Manganese in Periodic Table

Zinc in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Manganese and Zinc – Applications

Manganese

Manganese is an important alloying agent. Almost 90% of the manganese produced annually is used in the production of steel. In steels, manganese improves the rolling and forging qualities, as well as strength, toughness, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness and hardenability. The second largest application for manganese is in aluminium alloys. Aluminium with roughly 1.5% manganese has increased resistance to corrosion through grains that absorb impurities which would lead to galvanic corrosion. Manganese can be formed into many useful compounds. For example, manganese oxide, which can be used in fertilizers and ceramics.

Zinc

Manganese and Zinc – Comparison in Table

Element	Manganese	Zinc
Density	7.47 g/cm3	7.14 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	650 MPa	90 MPa
Yield Strength	230 MPa	75 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	198 GPa	108 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	2.5
Brinell Hardness	200 MPa	330 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	1246 °C	419.53 °C
Boiling Point	2061 °C	907 °C
Thermal Conductivity	7.82 W/mK	116 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	21.7 µm/mK	30.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.48 J/g K	0.39 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	12.05 kJ/mol	7.322 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	266 kJ/mol	115.3 kJ/mol

Manganese and Copper – Comparison – Properties

2021-07-062021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of manganese and copper, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Manganese vs Copper.

manganese and copper - comparison

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Manganese and Copper – About Elements

Manganese

Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Copper

Manganese in Periodic Table

Copper in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Manganese and Copper – Applications

Manganese

Copper

Manganese and Copper – Comparison in Table

Element	Manganese	Copper
Density	7.47 g/cm3	8.92 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	650 MPa	120 MPa
Yield Strength	230 MPa	33 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	198 GPa	120 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	3
Brinell Hardness	200 MPa	250 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	350 MPa
Melting Point	1246 °C	1084.62 °C
Boiling Point	2061 °C	2562 °C
Thermal Conductivity	7.82 W/mK	401 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	21.7 µm/mK	16.5 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.48 J/g K	0.38 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	12.05 kJ/mol	13.05 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	266 kJ/mol	300.3 kJ/mol