Nick Connor, Autor Material Properties

Manganese and Iron – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of manganese and iron, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Manganese vs Iron.

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Manganese and Iron – About Elements

Manganese

Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Iron

Iron is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars.

Manganese in Periodic Table

Iron in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Manganese and Iron – Applications

Manganese

Manganese is an important alloying agent. Almost 90% of the manganese produced annually is used in the production of steel. In steels, manganese improves the rolling and forging qualities, as well as strength, toughness, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness and hardenability. The second largest application for manganese is in aluminium alloys. Aluminium with roughly 1.5% manganese has increased resistance to corrosion through grains that absorb impurities which would lead to galvanic corrosion. Manganese can be formed into many useful compounds. For example, manganese oxide, which can be used in fertilizers and ceramics.

Iron

Iron is used in numerous sectors such as electronics, manufacturing, automotive, and construction and building. Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for over 90% of worldwide metal produc0tion. Its low cost and high strength often make it the material of choice material to withstand stress or transmit forces, such as the construction of machinery and machine tools, rails, automobiles, ship hulls, concrete reinforcing bars, and the load-carrying framework of buildings. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly combined with alloying elements to make steel. Steels are iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great ductility for the greater strength. Due to its very-high strength, but still substantial toughness, and its ability to be greatly altered by heat treatment, steel is one of the most useful and common ferrous alloy in modern use. There are thousands of alloys that have different compositions and/or heat treatments. The mechanical properties are sensitive to the content of carbon, which is normally less than 1.0 wt%.

Manganese and Iron – Comparison in Table

Element	Manganese	Iron
Density	7.47 g/cm3	7.874 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	650 MPa	540 MPa
Yield Strength	230 MPa	50 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	198 GPa	211 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	4.5
Brinell Hardness	200 MPa	490 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	608 MPa
Melting Point	1246 °C	1538 °C
Boiling Point	2061 °C	2861 °C
Thermal Conductivity	7.82 W/mK	80.2 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	21.7 µm/mK	11.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.48 J/g K	0.44 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	12.05 kJ/mol	13.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	266 kJ/mol	349.6 kJ/mol

Chromium and Tungsten – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of chromium and tungsten, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Chromium vs Tungsten.

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Chromium and Tungsten – About Elements

Chromium

Chromium is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. A major development was the discovery that steel could be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by adding metallic chromium to form stainless steel.

Tungsten

Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work.

Chromium in Periodic Table

Tungsten in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Chromium and Tungsten – Applications

Chromium

Chromium is one of the most important and indispensable industrial metals because of its hardness and resistance to corrosion. But it is used for more than the production of stainless steel and nonferrous alloys; it is also used to create pigments and chemicals used to process leather. In metallurgy, Chromium increases hardness, strength, and corrosion resistance. The strengthening effect of forming stable metal carbides at the grain boundaries and the strong increase in corrosion resistance made chromium an important alloying material for steel. Generally speaking, the concentration specified for most grades is approximately 4%. This level appears to result in the best balance between hardness and toughness. Chromium plays an important role in the hardening mechanism and is considered irreplaceable. At higher temperatures, chromium contributes increased strength. It is ordinarily used for applications of this nature in conjunction with molybdenum. The resistance of stainless steels is based on passivation. For passivation to occur and remain stable, the Fe-Cr alloy must have a minimum chromium content of about 11% by weight, above which passivity can occur and below which it is impossible.

Tungsten

Tungsten is widely used metal. Approximately half of the tungsten is consumed for the production of hard materials – namely tungsten carbide – with the remaining major use being in alloys and steels. Mining and mineral processing demand wear-resistant machines and components, because the energies and masses of interacting bodies are significant. For this purposes, materials with the highest wear-resistance must be used. For example, tungsten carbide is used extensively in mining in top hammer rock drill bits, downhole hammers, roller-cutters, long wall plough chisels, long wall shearer picks, raiseboring reamers, and tunnel boring machines. The remaining 40% is generally used to make various alloys and specialty steels, electrodes, filaments, wires, as well as diverse components for electric, electronic, heating, lighting, and welding applications. High-speed steels are complex iron-base alloys of carbon, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, or tungsten (as much as 18%), or combinations there of.

Chromium and Tungsten – Comparison in Table

Element	Chromium	Tungsten
Density	7.14 g/cm3	19.25 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	550 MPa	982 MPa
Yield Strength	131 MPa	750 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	279 GPa	411 GPa
Mohs Scale	8.5	7.5
Brinell Hardness	1120 MPa	3000 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1060 MPa	3500 MPa
Melting Point	1907 °C	3410 °C
Boiling Point	2671 °C	59300 °C
Thermal Conductivity	93.7 W/mK	170 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	4.9 µm/mK	4.5 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.45 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.9 kJ/mol	35.4 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	344.3 kJ/mol	824 kJ/mol

Chromium and Molybdenum – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of chromium and molybdenum, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Chromium vs Molybdenum.

chromium and molybdenum - comparison

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Chromium and Molybdenum – About Elements

Chromium

Molybdenum

Molybdenum a silvery metal with a gray cast, has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. It readily forms hard, stable carbides in alloys, and for this reason most of world production of the element (about 80%) is used in steel alloys, including high-strength alloys and superalloys.

Chromium in Periodic Table

Molybdenum in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Chromium and Molybdenum – Applications

Chromium

Molybdenum

About 86% of molybdenum produced is used in metallurgy, with the rest used in chemical applications. The estimated global use is structural steel 35%, stainless steel 25%, chemicals 14%, tool & high-speed steels 9%, cast iron 6%, molybdenum elemental metal 6%, and superalloys 5%. Molybdenum (about 0.50-8.00%) when added to a tool steel makes it more resistant to high temperature. Molybdenum increases hardenability and strength, particularly at high temperatures due to the high melting point of molybdenum. Molybdenum is unique in the extent to which it increases the high-temperature tensile and creep strengths of steel. Molybdenum anodes replace tungsten in certain low voltage X-ray sources for specialized uses such as mammography. The radioactive isotope molybdenum-99 is used to generate technetium-99m, used for medical imaging. The isotope is handled and stored as the molybdate.

Chromium and Molybdenum – Comparison in Table

Element	Chromium	Molybdenum
Density	7.14 g/cm3	10.28 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	550 MPa	324 MPa
Yield Strength	131 MPa	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	279 GPa	329 GPa
Mohs Scale	8.5	5.5
Brinell Hardness	1120 MPa	1500 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1060 MPa	1530 MPa
Melting Point	1907 °C	2623 °C
Boiling Point	2671 °C	4639 °C
Thermal Conductivity	93.7 W/mK	138 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	4.9 µm/mK	4.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.45 J/g K	0.25 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.9 kJ/mol	32 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	344.3 kJ/mol	598 kJ/mol

Chromium and Manganese – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of chromium and manganese, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Chromium vs Manganese.

chromium and manganese - comparison

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Chromium and Manganese – About Elements

Chromium

Manganese

Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Chromium in Periodic Table

Manganese in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Chromium and Manganese – Applications

Chromium

Manganese

Chromium and Manganese – Comparison in Table

Element	Chromium	Manganese
Density	7.14 g/cm3	7.47 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	550 MPa	650 MPa
Yield Strength	131 MPa	230 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	279 GPa	198 GPa
Mohs Scale	8.5	6
Brinell Hardness	1120 MPa	200 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1060 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	1907 °C	1246 °C
Boiling Point	2671 °C	2061 °C
Thermal Conductivity	93.7 W/mK	7.82 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	4.9 µm/mK	21.7 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.45 J/g K	0.48 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.9 kJ/mol	12.05 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	344.3 kJ/mol	266 kJ/mol

Chromium and Zinc – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of chromium and zinc, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Chromium vs Zinc.

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Chromium and Zinc – About Elements

Chromium

Zinc

In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions are of similar size.

Chromium in Periodic Table

Zinc in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Chromium and Zinc – Applications

Chromium

Zinc

Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Coating of steel constitutes the largest single use of zinc, but it is used in large tonnages in zinc alloy castings, as zinc dust and oxide, and in wrought zinc products. Galvanized steel is just plain carbon steel that has been coated with a thin zinc layer. The zinc protects iron by corroding first, but zinc corrodes at much lower rates than do steel. Other applications are in electrical batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and dimethylzinc or diethylzinc in the organic laboratory. A key part of the modern materials world in which zinc finds itself is recycling. Zinc, in common with all metals (and unlike synthetic materials) can be recycled indefinitely without degradation.

Chromium and Zinc – Comparison in Table

Element	Chromium	Zinc
Density	7.14 g/cm3	7.14 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	550 MPa	90 MPa
Yield Strength	131 MPa	75 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	279 GPa	108 GPa
Mohs Scale	8.5	2.5
Brinell Hardness	1120 MPa	330 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1060 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	1907 °C	419.53 °C
Boiling Point	2671 °C	907 °C
Thermal Conductivity	93.7 W/mK	116 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	4.9 µm/mK	30.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.45 J/g K	0.39 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.9 kJ/mol	7.322 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	344.3 kJ/mol	115.3 kJ/mol

Chromium and Iron – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of chromium and iron, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Chromium vs Iron.

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Chromium and Iron – About Elements

Chromium

Iron

Chromium in Periodic Table

Iron in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Chromium and Iron – Applications

Chromium

Iron

Chromium and Iron – Comparison in Table

Element	Chromium	Iron
Density	7.14 g/cm3	7.874 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	550 MPa	540 MPa
Yield Strength	131 MPa	50 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	279 GPa	211 GPa
Mohs Scale	8.5	4.5
Brinell Hardness	1120 MPa	490 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1060 MPa	608 MPa
Melting Point	1907 °C	1538 °C
Boiling Point	2671 °C	2861 °C
Thermal Conductivity	93.7 W/mK	80.2 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	4.9 µm/mK	11.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.45 J/g K	0.44 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.9 kJ/mol	13.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	344.3 kJ/mol	349.6 kJ/mol

Chromium and Copper – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of chromium and copper, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Chromium vs Copper.

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Chromium and Copper – About Elements

Chromium

Copper

Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.

Chromium in Periodic Table

Copper in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Chromium and Copper – Applications

Chromium

Copper

Historically, alloying copper with another metal, for example tin to make bronze, was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after “natural bronze” had come into general use. An ancient civilization is defined to be in the Bronze Age either by producing bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin, arsenic, or other metals. The major applications of copper are electrical wire (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%), and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is used mostly as a pure metal, but when greater hardness is required, it is put into such alloys as brass and bronze (5% of total use). Copper and copper-based alloys including brasses (Cu-Zn) and bronzes (Cu-Sn) are widely used in different industrial and societal applications. Some of the common uses for brass alloys include costume jewelry, locks, hinges, gears, bearings, ammunition casings, automotive radiators, musical instruments, electronic packaging, and coins. Bronze, or bronze-like alloys and mixtures, were used for coins over a longer period. is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings, automobile transmission pilot bearings, and similar fittings, and is particularly common in the bearings of small electric motors. Brass and bronze are common engineering materials in modern architecture and primarily used for roofing and facade cladding due to their visual appearance.

Chromium and Copper – Comparison in Table

Element	Chromium	Copper
Density	7.14 g/cm3	8.92 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	550 MPa	210 MPa
Yield Strength	131 MPa	33 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	279 GPa	120 GPa
Mohs Scale	8.5	3
Brinell Hardness	1120 MPa	250 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1060 MPa	350 MPa
Melting Point	1907 °C	1084.62 °C
Boiling Point	2671 °C	2562 °C
Thermal Conductivity	93.7 W/mK	401 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	4.9 µm/mK	16.5 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.45 J/g K	0.38 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.9 kJ/mol	13.05 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	344.3 kJ/mol	300.3 kJ/mol

Vanadium and Chromium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-15 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of vanadium and chromium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Vanadium vs Chromium.

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Vanadium and Chromium – About Elements

Vanadium

Vanadium is a hard, silvery grey, ductile, and malleable transition metal. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer (passivation) stabilizes the free metal somewhat against further oxidation.

Chromium

Vanadium in Periodic Table

Chromium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Vanadium and Chromium – Applications

Vanadium

Vanadium is mainly used to produce specialty steel alloys such as high-speed tool steels, and some aluminium alloys. Vanadium is generally added to steel to inhibit grain growth during heat treatment. In controlling grain growth, it improves both the strength and toughness of hardened and tempered steels. Vanadium is added to promote abrasion resistance and to produce hard and stable carbides which being only partly soluble, release little carbon into the matrix. The most important industrial vanadium compound, vanadium pentoxide, is used as a catalyst for the production of sulfuric acid. The vanadium redox battery for energy storage may be an important application in the future.

Chromium

Vanadium and Chromium – Comparison in Table

Element	Vanadium	Chromium
Density	6.11 g/cm3	7.14 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	800 MPa	550 MPa
Yield Strength	770 MPa	131 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	116 GPa	128 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	6.7
Brinell Hardness	700 – 2700 MPa	650 MPa
Vickers Hardness	800 – 3400 MPa	630 MPa
Melting Point	1668 °C	1910 °C
Boiling Point	3287 °C	3407 °C
Thermal Conductivity	21.9 W/mK	30.7 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.6 µm/mK	8.4 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.52 J/g K	0.49 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	15.45 kJ/mol	20.9 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	421 kJ/mol	0.452 kJ/mol

Titanium and Uranium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-15 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of titanium and uranium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Titanium vs Uranium.

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Titanium and Uranium – About Elements

Titanium

Titanium is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Titanium can be used in surface condensers. These condensers use tubes that are usually made of stainless steel, copper alloys, or titanium depending on several selection criteria (such as thermal conductivity or corrosion resistance). Titanium condenser tubes are usually the best technical choice, however titanium is very expensive material and the use of titanium condenser tubes is associated with very high initial costs.

Uranium

Uranium is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all isotopes of uranium are unstable, with half-lives varying between 159,200 years and 4.5 billion years. Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. Uranium is commonly found at low levels (a few ppm – parts per million) in all rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals (including humans). Uranium occurs also in seawater, and can be recovered from the ocean water. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as uraninite (the most common uranium ore), phosphate rock deposits, and other minerals.

Titanium in Periodic Table

Uranium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Titanium and Uranium – Applications

Titanium

The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element. The corrosion resistance of titanium alloys at normal temperatures is unusually high. These properties determine application of titanium and its alloys. The earliest production application of titanium was in 1952, for the nacelles and firewalls of the Douglas DC-7 airliner. High specific strength, good fatigue resistance and creep life, and good fracture toughness are characteristics that make titanium a preferred metal for aerospace applications. Aerospace applications, including use in both structural (airframe) components and jet engines, still account for the largest share of titanium alloy use. On the supersonic aircraft SR-71, titanium was used for 85% of the structure. Due to very high inertness, titanium has many biomedical applications, which is based on its inertness in the human body, that is, resistance to corrosion by body fluids.

Uranium

The main use of uranium in the civilian sector is to fuel nuclear power plants. One kilogram of uranium-235 can theoretically produce about 20 terajoules of energy, assuming complete fission; as much energy as 1.5 million kilograms (1,500 tonnes) of coal. Typical reactor may contain about 100 tonnes of enriched uranium (i.e. about 113 tonnes of uranium dioxide). This fuel is loaded within, for example, 157 fuel assemblies composed of over 45,000 fuel rods. A common fuel assembly contain energy for approximately 4 years of operation at full power. The removed fuel (spent nuclear fuel) still contains about 96% of reusable material (it must be removed due to decreasing kinf of an assembly). Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass. Uranium is also used by the military to power nuclear submarines and in nuclear weapons. Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses.[10] Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost. The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter). Depleted uranium is uranium that has much less uranium-235 than natural uranium. It is considerably less radioactive than natural uranium. It is a dense metal that can be used as ballast for ships and counterweights for aircraft. It is also used in ammunition and armour. Depleted uranium can be also used to shield radiation. Depleted uranium is much more effective due to its higher Z. Depleted uranium is used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources. Uranium is used in high-speed steels as an alloying agent to improve strength and toughness. Uranium trioxide (also called uranic oxide) with formula UO3, is an orange-yellow powder and is used as a pigment for ceramics. In glasses it produces a beautiful greenish-yellow “uranium glass”.

Titanium and Uranium – Comparison in Table

Element	Titanium	Uranium
Density	4.507 g/cm3	19.05 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	434 MPa, 293 MPa (pure)	390 MPa
Yield Strength	380 MPa	190 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	116 GPa	208 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	6
Brinell Hardness	700 – 2700 MPa	2400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	800 – 3400 MPa	1960 MPa
Melting Point	1668 °C	1132 °C
Boiling Point	3287 °C	4131 °C
Thermal Conductivity	21.9 W/mK	27 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.6 µm/mK	13.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.52 J/g K	0.12 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	15.45 kJ/mol	8.52 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	421 kJ/mol	417 kJ/mol

Titanium and Copper – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-15 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of titanium and copper, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Titanium vs Copper.

titanium and copper - comparison

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Titanium and Copper – About Elements

Titanium

Copper

Titanium in Periodic Table

Copper in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Titanium and Copper – Applications

Titanium

Copper

Titanium and Copper – Comparison in Table

Element	Titanium	Copper
Density	4.507 g/cm3	8.92 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	434 MPa, 293 MPa (pure)	210 MPa
Yield Strength	380 MPa	33 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	116 GPa	120 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	3
Brinell Hardness	700 – 2700 MPa	250 MPa
Vickers Hardness	800 – 3400 MPa	350 MPa
Melting Point	1668 °C	1084.62 °C
Boiling Point	3287 °C	2562 °C
Thermal Conductivity	21.9 W/mK	401 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.6 µm/mK	16.5 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.52 J/g K	0.38 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	15.45 kJ/mol	13.05 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	421 kJ/mol	300.3 kJ/mol