Material Properties Archivy - Page 19 of 80

Tin and Antimony – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of tin and antimony, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Tin vs Antimony.

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Tin and Antimony – About Elements

Tin

Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains tin dioxide. The first alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of tin and copper, from as early as 3000 BC.

Antimony

Antimony is a lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite. Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name, kohl.

Tin in Periodic Table

Antimony in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Tin and Antimony – Applications

Tin

The largest single application of tin is in the manufacture of tinplate (steel sheet coated with tin), which accounts for approximately 40% of total world tin consumption. Tin bonds readily to iron and steel to prevent corrosion. Tin-plated steel containers are widely used for food preservation, and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. Tinning is the process of thinly coating sheets of wrought iron or steel with tin, and the resulting product is known as tinplate. The term is also widely used for the different process of coating a metal with solder before soldering. There are two processes for the tinning of the black plates: hot-dipping and electroplating.

Antimony

The largest applications for metallic antimony are an alloy with lead and tin and the lead antimony plates in lead–acid batteries. Alloys of lead and tin with antimony have improved properties for solders, bullets, and plain bearings. Antimony can be used in fire retardants for many commercial and domestic products. Antimony trichloride is used in the manufacturing flame-proofing compounds as well as paints, ceramic enamels, glass and pottery. Other uses include ball bearings and mixing with alloys with percentages ranging from 1 to 20 greatly increasing the hardness and mechanical strength of the lead. The capability to strengthen already strong alloys is its largest and most widespread use.

Tin and Antimony – Comparison in Table

Element	Tin	Antimony
Density	7.31 g/cm3	6.697 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	220 MPa	11 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	50 GPa	55 GPa
Mohs Scale	1.65	3.15
Brinell Hardness	50 MPa	300 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	231.93 °C	631 °C
Boiling Point	2602 °C	1950 °C
Thermal Conductivity	67 W/mK	24 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	22 µm/mK	11 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.227 J/g K	0.21 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	7.029 kJ/mol	19.87 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	295.8 kJ/mol	77.14 kJ/mol

Tin and Lead – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of tin and lead, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Tin vs Lead.

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Tin and Lead – About Elements

Tin

Lead

Lead is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. Lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and concludes three major decay chains of heavier elements.

Tin in Periodic Table

Lead in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Tin and Lead – Applications

Tin

Lead

Lead metal has several useful mechanical properties, including high density, low melting point, ductility, and relative inertness. Lead is widely used for car batteries, pigments, ammunition, cable sheathing, weights for lifting, weight belts for diving, lead crystal glass, radiation protection and in some solders. The largest use of lead in the early 21st century is in lead–acid batteries. The lead in batteries undergoes no direct contact with humans, so there are fewer toxicity concerns. Lead is used in high voltage power cables as sheathing material to prevent water diffusion into insulation; this use is decreasing as lead is being phased out. A lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. On the other hand depleted uranium is much more effective due to its higher Z. Depleted uranium is used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources.

Tin and Lead – Comparison in Table

Element	Tin	Lead
Density	7.31 g/cm3	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	220 MPa	17 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	50 GPa	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	1.65	1.5
Brinell Hardness	50 MPa	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	231.93 °C	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	2602 °C	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	67 W/mK	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	22 µm/mK	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.227 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	7.029 kJ/mol	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	295.8 kJ/mol	177.7 kJ/mol

Cadmium and Lead – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of cadmium and lead, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Cadmium vs Lead.

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Cadmium and Lead – About Elements

Cadmium

Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section.

Lead

Cadmium in Periodic Table

Lead in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Cadmium and Lead – Applications

Cadmium

Cadmium is primarily consumed for the production of rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries. In 2009, 86% of cadmium was used in batteries, predominantly in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Other end uses include pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics. Solar cell manufacturing may become another significant market for cadmium in the future. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section.

Lead

Cadmium and Lead – Comparison in Table

Element	Cadmium	Lead
Density	8.65 g/cm3	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	75 MPa	17 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	50 GPa	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	2	1.5
Brinell Hardness	303 MPa	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	321.07 °C	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	767 °C	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	97 W/mK	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	30.8 µm/mK	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.23 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	6.192 kJ/mol	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	99.57 kJ/mol	177.7 kJ/mol

Platinum and Gold – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of platinum and gold, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Platinum vs Gold.

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Platinum and Gold – About Elements

Platinum

Platinum is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Platinum is one of the least reactive metals. It has remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered a noble metal. Platinum is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry.

Gold

Gold is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars.

Platinum in Periodic Table

Gold in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Platinum and Gold – Applications

Platinum

Platinum is primarily an industrial metal. It is a critical material for many industries and is considered a strategic metal. Platinum is used as a catalyst, platinum is mostly found in vehicle catalytic converters that reduce toxic exhaust chemicals, and also in fuel cells to increase efficiency. The most common use of platinum is as a catalyst in chemical reactions, often as platinum black. In catalytic converters, platinum allows the complete combustion of low concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Platinum has been used in thermocouple devices that measure temperature with high accuracy. Platinum is a component in magnetic coatings for high-density hard disk drives and some of the newer optical storage systems.

Gold

Gold is used extensively in jewellery, either in its pure form or as an alloy. About 75% of all gold produced is used in the jewelry industry. Pure gold is too soft to stand up to the stresses applied to many jewelry items. Craftsmen learned that alloying gold with other metals such as copper, silver, and platinum would increase its durability. The term ‘carat’ indicates the amount of gold present in an alloy. 24-carat is pure gold, but it is very soft. 18- and 9-carat gold alloys are commonly used because they are more durable. Gold’s high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, and conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices (its chief industrial use). Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, and tooth restoration. Only 10% of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry, but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion-free electrical connectors in computers and other electrical devices.

Platinum and Gold – Comparison in Table

Element	Platinum	Gold
Density	21.09 g/cm3	19.3 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	150 MPa	220 MPa
Yield Strength	70 MPa	205 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	168 GPa	79 GPa
Mohs Scale	3.5	2.75
Brinell Hardness	400 MPa	190 MPa
Vickers Hardness	550 MPa	215 MPa
Melting Point	1772 °C	1064 °C
Boiling Point	3827 °C	2970 °C
Thermal Conductivity	72 W/mK	320 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.8 µm/mK	14.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K	0.128 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	19.6 kJ/mol	12.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	510 kJ/mol	334.4 kJ/mol

Antimony and Lead – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of antimony and lead, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Antimony vs Lead.

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Antimony and Lead – About Elements

Antimony

Lead

Antimony in Periodic Table

Lead in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Antimony and Lead – Applications

Antimony

Lead

Antimony and Lead – Comparison in Table

Element	Antimony	Lead
Density	6.697 g/cm3	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	11 MPa	17 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	55 GPa	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	3.15	1.5
Brinell Hardness	300 MPa	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	631 °C	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	1950 °C	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	24 W/mK	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11 µm/mK	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.21 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	19.87 kJ/mol	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	77.14 kJ/mol	177.7 kJ/mol

Gold and Lead – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of gold and lead, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Gold vs Lead.

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Gold and Lead – About Elements

Gold

Lead

Gold in Periodic Table

Lead in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Gold and Lead – Applications

Gold

Lead

Gold and Lead – Comparison in Table

Element	Gold	Lead
Density	19.3 g/cm3	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	220 MPa	17 MPa
Yield Strength	205 MPa	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	79 GPa	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	2.75	1.5
Brinell Hardness	190 MPa	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	215 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	1064 °C	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	2970 °C	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	320 W/mK	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	14.2 µm/mK	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.128 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	12.55 kJ/mol	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	334.4 kJ/mol	177.7 kJ/mol

Mercury and Lead – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of mercury and lead, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Mercury vs Lead.

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Mercury and Lead – About Elements

Mercury

Mercury is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum. Mercury is a heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.

Lead

Mercury in Periodic Table

Lead in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mercury and Lead – Applications

Mercury

Mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications. However, because of its toxicity, many uses of mercury are being phased out or are under review. It is used in some thermometers, especially ones which are used to measure high temperatures. Mercury easily forms alloys, called amalgams, with other metals such as gold, silver and tin. The ease with which it amalgamates with gold made it useful in recovering gold from its ores. Mercury amalgams were also used in dental fillings. Gaseous mercury is used in mercury-vapor lamps and some “neon sign” type advertising signs and fluorescent lamps.

Lead

Mercury and Lead – Comparison in Table

Element	Mercury	Lead
Density	13.534 g/cm3	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	17 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	1.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-38.9 °C	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	357 °C	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	8.3 W/mK	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	60.4 µm/mK	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.139 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	2.295 kJ/mol	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	59.229 kJ/mol	177.7 kJ/mol

Krypton and Xenon – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-25 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of krypton and xenon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Krypton vs Xenon.

krypton and xenon - comparison

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Krypton and Xenon – About Elements

Krypton

Krypton is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps.

Xenon

Xenon is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in the Earth’s atmosphere in trace amounts.[10] Although generally unreactive, xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions. Xenon was first discovered in 1898 by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers. The name xenon for this gas comes from the Greek word ξένον [xenon], neuter singular form of ξένος [xenos], meaning ‘foreign(er)’, ‘strange(r)’, or ‘guest’. In nuclear industry, especially artificial xenon 135 has a tremendous impact on the operation of a nuclear reactor. For physicists and for reactor operators, it is important to understand the mechanisms that produce and remove xenon from the reactor to predict how the reactor will respond following changes in power level.

Krypton in Periodic Table

Xenon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Krypton and Xenon – Applications

Krypton

Krypton’s multiple emission lines make ionized krypton gas discharges appear whitish, which in turn makes krypton-based bulbs useful in photography as a white light source. Krypton is used in some photographic flashes for high speed photography. Krypton is also used in MRI/CT techniques.

Xenon

Xenon is useful in the following applications. The white flash of light produced by xenon makes it suitable for usage in strobe lights and to power ruby lasers. Xenon is used in light-emitting devices called xenon flash lamps, used in photographic flashes and stroboscopic lamps.

Krypton and Xenon – Comparison in Table

Element	Krypton	Xenon
Density	0.00375 g/cm3	0.0059 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-248 °C	-157.36 °C
Boiling Point	-248.7 °C	-153.22 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.00949 W/mK	0.00565 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	0.248 J/g K	0.158 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	1.638 kJ/mol	2.297 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	9.029 kJ/mol	12.636 kJ/mol

Niobium and Tantalum – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-22 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of niobium and tantalum, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Niobium vs Tantalum.

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Niobium and Tantalum – About Elements

Niobium

Niobium is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, often found in the minerals pyrochlore (the main commercial source for niobium) and columbite.

Tantalum

Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant.

Niobium in Periodic Table

Tantalum in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Niobium and Tantalum – Applications

Niobium

Niobium consumption is dominated by its use as additive to high strength low alloy steel and stainless steel for oil and gas pipelines, car and truck bodies, architectural requirements, tool steels, ships hulls, railroad tracks. However, there are a number of other applications for niobium metal and its compounds. Although niobium has many applications the majority is used in the production of high-grade structural steel. The second largest application for niobium is in nickel-based superalloys. Niobium-tin alloys are used as superconducting magnets.

Tantalum

Tantalum consumption is dominated by capacitors for electronic equipment. Capacitors are electrical components that store energy electrostatically in an electric field, and are used in a wide variety of electric and electronic products. Major end uses for tantalum capacitors include portable telephones, pagers, personal computers, and automotive electronics. Alloyed with other metals, tantalum is also used in making carbide tools for metalworking equipment and in the production of superalloys for jet engine components. Compounds of tantalum such as tantalum pentoxide is used to make capacitors and glass with a high index of refraction for use in camera lenses.

Niobium and Tantalum – Comparison in Table

Element	Niobium	Tantalum
Density	8.57 g/cm3	16.65 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	275 MPa	760 MPa
Yield Strength	70 MPa	705 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	105 GPa	186 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	6.5
Brinell Hardness	740 MPa	800 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1300 MPa	870 MPa
Melting Point	2477 °C	2996 °C
Boiling Point	4744 °C	5425 °C
Thermal Conductivity	53.7 W/mK	57 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	7.3 µm/mK	6.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.26 J/g K	0.14 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	26.4 kJ/mol	31.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	682 kJ/mol	743 kJ/mol

Niobium and Tin – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-22 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of niobium and tin, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Niobium vs Tin.

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Niobium and Tin – About Elements

Niobium

Niobium is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, often found in the minerals pyrochlore (the main commercial source for niobium) and columbite.

Tin

Niobium in Periodic Table

Tin in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Niobium and Tin – Applications

Niobium

Tin

Niobium and Tin – Comparison in Table

Element	Niobium	Tin
Density	8.57 g/cm3	7.31 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	275 MPa	220 MPa
Yield Strength	70 MPa	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	105 GPa	50 GPa
Mohs Scale	6	1.65
Brinell Hardness	740 MPa	50 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1300 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	2477 °C	231.93 °C
Boiling Point	4744 °C	2602 °C
Thermal Conductivity	53.7 W/mK	67 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	7.3 µm/mK	22 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.26 J/g K	0.227 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	26.4 kJ/mol	7.029 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	682 kJ/mol	295.8 kJ/mol