Nick Connor, Autor Material Properties

Magnesium and Copper – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-11 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of magnesium and copper, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Magnesium vs Copper.

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Magnesium and Copper – About Elements

Magnesium

Magnesium is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure.

Copper

Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.

Magnesium in Periodic Table

Copper in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Magnesium and Copper – Applications

Magnesium

Magnesium is the third-most-commonly-used structural metal, following iron and aluminium.[35] The main applications of magnesium are, in order: aluminium alloys, die-casting (alloyed with zinc), removing sulfur in the production of iron and steel, and the production of titanium in the Kroll process. Magnesium alloys are used in a wide variety of structural and nonstructural applications. Structural applications include automotive, industrial, materials-handling, commercial, and aerospace equipment. Magnesium alloys are used for parts that operate at high speeds and thus must be light weight to minimize inertial forces. Commercial applications include hand-held tools, laptops, luggage, and ladders, automobiles (e.g., steering wheels and columns, seat frames, transmission cases). Magnox (alloy), whose name is an abbreviation for “magnesium non-oxidizing”, is 99% magnesium and 1% aluminum, and is used in the cladding of fuel rods in magnox nuclear power reactors.

Copper

Historically, alloying copper with another metal, for example tin to make bronze, was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after “natural bronze” had come into general use. An ancient civilization is defined to be in the Bronze Age either by producing bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin, arsenic, or other metals. The major applications of copper are electrical wire (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%), and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is used mostly as a pure metal, but when greater hardness is required, it is put into such alloys as brass and bronze (5% of total use). Copper and copper-based alloys including brasses (Cu-Zn) and bronzes (Cu-Sn) are widely used in different industrial and societal applications. Some of the common uses for brass alloys include costume jewelry, locks, hinges, gears, bearings, ammunition casings, automotive radiators, musical instruments, electronic packaging, and coins. Bronze, or bronze-like alloys and mixtures, were used for coins over a longer period. is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings, automobile transmission pilot bearings, and similar fittings, and is particularly common in the bearings of small electric motors. Brass and bronze are common engineering materials in modern architecture and primarily used for roofing and facade cladding due to their visual appearance.

Magnesium and Copper – Comparison in Table

Element	Magnesium	Copper
Density	1.738 g/cm3	8.92 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	200 MPa	210 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	33 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	45 GPa	120 GPa
Mohs Scale	2.5	3
Brinell Hardness	260 MPa	250 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	350 MPa
Melting Point	649 °C	1084.62 °C
Boiling Point	1090 °C	2562 °C
Thermal Conductivity	156 W/mK	401 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	24.8 µm/mK	16.5 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K	0.38 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	8.954 kJ/mol	13.05 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	127.4 kJ/mol	300.3 kJ/mol

Magnesium and Iron – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-11 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of magnesium and iron, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Magnesium vs Iron.

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Magnesium and Iron – About Elements

Magnesium

Iron

Iron is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars.

Magnesium in Periodic Table

Iron in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Magnesium and Iron – Applications

Magnesium

Iron

Iron is used in numerous sectors such as electronics, manufacturing, automotive, and construction and building. Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for over 90% of worldwide metal produc0tion. Its low cost and high strength often make it the material of choice material to withstand stress or transmit forces, such as the construction of machinery and machine tools, rails, automobiles, ship hulls, concrete reinforcing bars, and the load-carrying framework of buildings. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly combined with alloying elements to make steel. Steels are iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great ductility for the greater strength. Due to its very-high strength, but still substantial toughness, and its ability to be greatly altered by heat treatment, steel is one of the most useful and common ferrous alloy in modern use. There are thousands of alloys that have different compositions and/or heat treatments. The mechanical properties are sensitive to the content of carbon, which is normally less than 1.0 wt%.

Magnesium and Iron – Comparison in Table

Element	Magnesium	Iron
Density	1.738 g/cm3	7.874 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	200 MPa	540 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	50 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	45 GPa	211 GPa
Mohs Scale	2.5	4.5
Brinell Hardness	260 MPa	490 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	608 MPa
Melting Point	649 °C	1538 °C
Boiling Point	1090 °C	2861 °C
Thermal Conductivity	156 W/mK	80.2 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	24.8 µm/mK	11.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K	0.44 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	8.954 kJ/mol	13.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	127.4 kJ/mol	349.6 kJ/mol

Magnesium and Aluminium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-11 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of magnesium and aluminium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Magnesium vs Aluminium.

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Magnesium and Aluminium – About Elements

Magnesium

Aluminium

Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth’s crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below.

Magnesium in Periodic Table

Aluminium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Magnesium and Aluminium – Applications

Magnesium

Aluminium

Aluminium and its alloys are used widely in aerospace, automotive, architectural, lithographic, packaging, electrical and electronic applications. It is the prime material of construction for the aircraft industry throughout most of its history. About 70% of commercial civil aircraft airframes are made from aluminium alloys, and without aluminium civil aviation would not be economically viable. Automotive industry now includes aluminium as engine castings, wheels, radiators and increasingly as body parts. 6111 aluminium and 2008 aluminium alloy are extensively used for external automotive body panels. Cylinder blocks and crankcases are often cast made of aluminium alloys.

Magnesium and Aluminium – Comparison in Table

Element	Magnesium	Aluminium
Density	1.738 g/cm3	2.7 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	200 MPa	90 MPa (pure), 600 MPa (alloys)
Yield Strength	N/A	11 MPa (pure), 400 MPa (alloys)
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	45 GPa	70 GPa
Mohs Scale	2.5	2.8
Brinell Hardness	260 MPa	240 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	167 MPa
Melting Point	649 °C	660 °C
Boiling Point	1090 °C	2467 °C
Thermal Conductivity	156 W/mK	237 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	24.8 µm/mK	23.1 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K	0.9 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	8.954 kJ/mol	10.79 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	127.4 kJ/mol	293.4 kJ/mol

Magnesium and Bromine – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-11 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of magnesium and bromine, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Magnesium vs Bromine.

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Magnesium and Bromine – About Elements

Magnesium

Bromine

Bromine is the third-lightest halogen, and is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured gas. Its properties are thus intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine.

Magnesium in Periodic Table

Bromine in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Magnesium and Bromine – Applications

Magnesium

Bromine

A wide variety of organobromine compounds are used in industry. Some are prepared from bromine and others are prepared from hydrogen bromide, which is obtained by burning hydrogen in bromine. Brominated flame retardants represent a commodity of growing importance, and make up the largest commercial use of bromine. One of the major uses of bromine is a water purifier/disinfectant, as an alternative to chlorine. Bromine compounds are effective pesticides, used both as soil fumigants in agriculture, particularly fruit-growing, and as a fumigant to prevent pests from attacking stored grain and other produce.

Magnesium and Bromine – Comparison in Table

Element	Magnesium	Bromine
Density	1.738 g/cm3	3.12 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	200 MPa	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	45 GPa	N/A
Mohs Scale	2.5	N/A
Brinell Hardness	260 MPa	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	649 °C	-7.3 °C
Boiling Point	1090 °C	59 °C
Thermal Conductivity	156 W/mK	0.122 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	24.8 µm/mK	N/A
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K	0.473 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	8.954 kJ/mol	5.286 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	127.4 kJ/mol	15.438 kJ/mol

Magnesium and Zinc – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-11 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of magnesium and zinc, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Magnesium vs Zinc.

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Magnesium and Zinc – About Elements

Magnesium

Zinc

In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions are of similar size.

Magnesium in Periodic Table

Zinc in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Magnesium and Zinc – Applications

Magnesium

Zinc

Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Coating of steel constitutes the largest single use of zinc, but it is used in large tonnages in zinc alloy castings, as zinc dust and oxide, and in wrought zinc products. Galvanized steel is just plain carbon steel that has been coated with a thin zinc layer. The zinc protects iron by corroding first, but zinc corrodes at much lower rates than do steel. Other applications are in electrical batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and dimethylzinc or diethylzinc in the organic laboratory. A key part of the modern materials world in which zinc finds itself is recycling. Zinc, in common with all metals (and unlike synthetic materials) can be recycled indefinitely without degradation.

Magnesium and Zinc – Comparison in Table

Element	Magnesium	Zinc
Density	1.738 g/cm3	7.14 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	200 MPa	90 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	75 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	45 GPa	108 GPa
Mohs Scale	2.5	2.5
Brinell Hardness	260 MPa	330 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	649 °C	419.53 °C
Boiling Point	1090 °C	907 °C
Thermal Conductivity	156 W/mK	116 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	24.8 µm/mK	30.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K	0.39 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	8.954 kJ/mol	7.322 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	127.4 kJ/mol	115.3 kJ/mol

Magnesium and Chlorine – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-11 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of magnesium and chlorine, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Magnesium vs Chlorine.

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Magnesium and Chlorine – About Elements

Magnesium

Chlorine

Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity, behind only oxygen and fluorine.

Magnesium in Periodic Table

Chlorine in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Magnesium and Chlorine – Applications

Magnesium

Chlorine

Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), many intermediates for the production of plastics, and other end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them sanitary. While perhaps best known for its role in providing clean drinking water, chlorine chemistry also helps provide energy-efficient building materials, electronics, fiber optics, solar energy cells, 93 percent of life-saving pharmaceuticals, 86 percent of crop protection compounds, medical plastics, and much more.

Magnesium and Chlorine – Comparison in Table

Element	Magnesium	Chlorine
Density	1.738 g/cm3	0.0032 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	200 MPa	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	45 GPa	N/A
Mohs Scale	2.5	N/A
Brinell Hardness	260 MPa	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	649 °C	-101 °C
Boiling Point	1090 °C	-34.6 °C
Thermal Conductivity	156 W/mK	0.0089 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	24.8 µm/mK	N/A
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K	0.48 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	8.954 kJ/mol	3.23 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	127.4 kJ/mol	10.2 kJ/mol

Magnesium and Potassium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-11 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of magnesium and potassium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Magnesium vs Potassium.

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Magnesium and Potassium – About Elements

Magnesium

Potassium

Potassium was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals. All of the alkali metals have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, which is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge – a cation, which combines with anions to form salts. Naturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which 40K is radioactive. Traces of 40K are found in all potassium, and it is the most common radioisotope in the human body.

Magnesium in Periodic Table

Potassium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Magnesium and Potassium – Applications

Magnesium

Potassium

Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for plant growth. It’s classified as a macronutrient because plants take up large quantities of K during their life cycle. Agricultural fertilizers consume 95% of global potassium chemical production, and about 90% of this potassium is supplied as KCl. Due to its high degree of reactivity, pure potassium is rarely used in its elemental /metallic form. It is used as a powerful reducing agent in organic chemistry. Potassium/Sodium alloys are It used as a heat exchange medium . The heat in the potassium warms water and makes it hot enough to boil. Then water is changed into steam, which is used to work devices that generate electricity.

Magnesium and Potassium – Comparison in Table

Element	Magnesium	Potassium
Density	1.738 g/cm3	0.856 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	200 MPa	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	45 GPa	3.53 GPa
Mohs Scale	2.5	0.4
Brinell Hardness	260 MPa	0.36 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	649 °C	63.25 °C
Boiling Point	1090 °C	760 °C
Thermal Conductivity	156 W/mK	102.4 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	24.8 µm/mK	83 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K	0.75 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	8.954 kJ/mol	2.334 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	127.4 kJ/mol	79.87 kJ/mol

Magnesium and Calcium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-11 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of magnesium and calcium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Magnesium vs Calcium.

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Magnesium and Calcium – About Elements

Magnesium

Calcium

Calcium is an alkaline earth metal, it is a reactive pale yellow metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth’s crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium.

Magnesium in Periodic Table

Calcium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Magnesium and Calcium – Applications

Magnesium

Calcium

The largest use of metallic calcium is in steelmaking, due to its strong chemical affinity for oxygen and sulfur. Its oxides and sulfides, once formed, give liquid lime aluminate and sulfide inclusions in steel which float out. Calcium compounds are used as manufacture of insecticides, paints, blackboard chalk, textile and fireworks.

Magnesium and Calcium – Comparison in Table

Element	Magnesium	Calcium
Density	1.738 g/cm3	1.55 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	200 MPa	110 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	45 GPa	20 GPa
Mohs Scale	2.5	1.5
Brinell Hardness	260 MPa	170 – 400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	649 °C	842 °C
Boiling Point	1090 °C	1484 °C
Thermal Conductivity	156 W/mK	200 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	24.8 µm/mK	22.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K	0.63 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	8.954 kJ/mol	8.54 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	127.4 kJ/mol	153.3 kJ/mol

Sodium and Sulfur – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-11 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of sodium and sulfur, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Sodium vs Sulfur.

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Sodium and Sulfur – About Elements

Sodium

Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation.

Sulfur

Sulfur is abundant, multivalent, and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid at room temperature. Chemically, sulfur reacts with all elements except for gold, platinum, iridium, tellurium, and the noble gases.

Sodium in Periodic Table

Sulfur in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Sodium and Sulfur – Applications

Sodium

Metallic sodium is used mainly for the production of sodium borohydride, sodium azide, indigo, and triphenylphosphine. A once-common use was the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because of the move away from TEL and new titanium production methods. An electric current and sodium vapor combine to form a yellowish glow. This principle is used for the making of sodium vapor lamps. Sodium is occasionally used as a heat exchange medium in nuclear power plants. Liquid sodium is sealed into pipes surrounding the reactor core. Generated heat is absorbed by sodium and forced through the pipes in a heat exchanger which can be used to generate electricity.

Sulfur

The greatest commercial use of the element is the production of sulfuric acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers, and other chemical processes. Sulfur is increasingly used as a component of fertilizers. The most important form of sulfur for fertilizer is the mineral calcium sulfate. The element sulfur is used in matches, insecticides, and fungicides. Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and the smells of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic are due to organosulfur compounds.

Sodium and Sulfur – Comparison in Table

Element	Sodium	Sulfur
Density	0.968 g/cm3	1.96 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	10 GPa	N/A
Mohs Scale	0.4	2
Brinell Hardness	0.69 MPa	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	97.8 °C	112.8 °C
Boiling Point	883 °C	444.7 °C
Thermal Conductivity	141 W/mK	0.269 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	71 µm/mK	N/A
Specific Heat	1.23 J/g K	0.71 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	2.598 kJ/mol	1.7175 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	96.96 kJ/mol	45 kJ/mol

Sodium and Silicon – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-11 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of sodium and silicon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Sodium vs Silicon.

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Sodium and Silicon – About Elements

Sodium

Silicon

Silicon is a hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor.

Sodium in Periodic Table

Silicon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Sodium and Silicon – Applications

Sodium

Silicon

Most silicon is used industrially without being purified, and indeed, often with comparatively little processing from its natural form. Silicon is a vital ingredient in aluminum, steel, and iron alloys. It is added as a fluxing agent for copper alloys. In the form of clay and sand, it is used to manufacture bricks and concrete; it is a valuable refractory material for high-temperature work, for example, molding sands for castings in foundry applications. Silica is used to make fire brick, a type of ceramic. Silicate minerals are also in whiteware ceramics, an important class of products usually containing various types of fired clay minerals (natural aluminium phyllosilicates). An example is porcelain, which is based on the silicate mineral kaolinite. Traditional glass (silica-based soda-lime glass) also functions in many of the same ways, and also is used for windows and containers. Hyperpure silicon metal and doped hyperpure silicon (doping with boron, phosphorous, gallium, or arsenic) are used in solar cells, transistors and semiconductors.

Sodium and Silicon – Comparison in Table

Element	Sodium	Silicon
Density	0.968 g/cm3	2.33 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	170 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	165 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	10 GPa	150 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.4	7
Brinell Hardness	0.69 MPa	2300 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	97.8 °C	1410 °C
Boiling Point	883 °C	3265 °C
Thermal Conductivity	141 W/mK	148 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	71 µm/mK	N/A
Specific Heat	1.23 J/g K	0.71 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	2.598 kJ/mol	50.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	96.96 kJ/mol	384.22 kJ/mol