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Chlorine – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Chlorine-properties-price-application-production

About Chlorine

Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity, behind only oxygen and fluorine.

Summary

Element Chlorine
Atomic number 17
Element category Halogen
Phase at STP Gas
Density 0.0032 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength N/A
Yield Strength N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity N/A
Mohs Scale N/A
Brinell Hardness N/A
Vickers Hardness N/A
Melting Point -101 °C
Boiling Point -34.6 °C
Thermal Conductivity 0.0089 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient — µm/mK
Specific Heat 0.48 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 3.23 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 10.2 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 1E10
Magnetic Susceptibility −40.5e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Chlorine

Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), many intermediates for the production of plastics, and other end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them sanitary. While perhaps best known for its role in providing clean drinking water, chlorine chemistry also helps provide energy-efficient building materials, electronics, fiber optics, solar energy cells, 93 percent of life-saving pharmaceuticals, 86 percent of crop protection compounds, medical plastics, and much more.

Chlorine-applications

Production and Price of Chlorine

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Chlorine were at around 1.5 $/kg.

Elemental chlorine is commercially produced from brine by electrolysis, predominantly in the chlor-alkali process. By electrolysis of a concentrated solution of sodium chloride in water. Hydrogen is generated at the cathode and chlorine at the anode. At the same time, sodium hydroxide is produced in the electrolyte; hence, this process is often referred to as chlorine-alkali electrolysis. According to The Chlorine Institute statistics, in 2010, the U.S. chlor-alkali industry produced 11.6 million short tons of chlorine and 12.2 million short tons of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide).

Chlorine-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Chlorine

Chlorine-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Chlorine

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Chlorine

Ultimate tensile strength of Chlorine is N/A.

Yield Strength of Chlorine

Yield strength of Chlorine is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Chlorine

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Chlorine is N/A.

Hardness of Chlorine

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Chlorine is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Chlorine is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Chlorine is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Chlorine – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Chlorine is orthorhombic structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Chlorine
Crystal Structure of Chlorine is: orthorhombic

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Chlorine

Chlorine-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Chlorine – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Chlorine is -101°C.

Boiling point of Chlorine is -34.6°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Chlorine – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Chlorine is 0.0089 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Chlorine

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Chlorine is — µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Chlorine – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Chlorine is 0.48 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Chlorine is 3.23 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Chlorine is 10.2 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Chlorine – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Chlorine-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Chlorine

Electrical resistivity of Chlorine is 1E10 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Chlorine conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Chlorine

Magnetic susceptibility of Chlorine is −40.5e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Chlorine in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Chlorine - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Chlorine