Material Properties Archivy - Page 23 of 80

Nickel and Tin – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-20 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of nickel and tin, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Nickel vs Tin.

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Nickel and Tin – About Elements

Nickel

Nickel is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile.

Tin

Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains tin dioxide. The first alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of tin and copper, from as early as 3000 BC.

Nickel in Periodic Table

Tin in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Nickel and Tin – Applications

Nickel

The global production of nickel is presently used as follows: 68% in stainless steel; 10% in nonferrous alloys; 9% in electroplating; 7% in alloy steel; 3% in foundries; and 4% other uses (including batteries). Nickel is used as a constituent of different types of alloys; for instance, Monel (corrosion resistant material), Nichrome (an alloy used for resistance heating elements), Permalloy (an alloy with high magnetic permeability at low field strength and low hysteresis loss), cupro-nickel, stainless steel, nickel silver, etc. Nickel based alloys (e.g. Fe-Cr-Ni(Mo) alloys) alloys exhibit excellent ductility and toughness, even at high strength levels and these properties are retained up to low temperatures. Nickel and its alloys are highly resistant to corrosion in many environments, especially those that are basic (alkaline). Nickel also reduces thermal expansion for better dimensional stability. Nickel is the base element for superalloys. These metals have excellent resistance to thermal creep deformation and retain their stiffness, strength, toughness and dimensional stability at temperatures much higher than the other aerospace structural materials.

Tin

The largest single application of tin is in the manufacture of tinplate (steel sheet coated with tin), which accounts for approximately 40% of total world tin consumption. Tin bonds readily to iron and steel to prevent corrosion. Tin-plated steel containers are widely used for food preservation, and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. Tinning is the process of thinly coating sheets of wrought iron or steel with tin, and the resulting product is known as tinplate. The term is also widely used for the different process of coating a metal with solder before soldering. There are two processes for the tinning of the black plates: hot-dipping and electroplating.

Nickel and Tin – Comparison in Table

Element	Nickel	Tin
Density	8.908 g/cm3	7.31 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	345 MPa	220 MPa
Yield Strength	700 MPa	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	200 GPa	50 GPa
Mohs Scale	4	1.65
Brinell Hardness	700 MPa	50 MPa
Vickers Hardness	640 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	1455 °C	231.93 °C
Boiling Point	2730 °C	2602 °C
Thermal Conductivity	90.7 W/mK	67 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13.4 µm/mK	22 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.44 J/g K	0.227 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	17.47 kJ/mol	7.029 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	370.4 kJ/mol	295.8 kJ/mol

Nickel and Zinc – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-20 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of nickel and zinc, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Nickel vs Zinc.

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Nickel and Zinc – About Elements

Nickel

Nickel is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile.

Zinc

In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions are of similar size.

Nickel in Periodic Table

Zinc in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Nickel and Zinc – Applications

Nickel

Zinc

Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Coating of steel constitutes the largest single use of zinc, but it is used in large tonnages in zinc alloy castings, as zinc dust and oxide, and in wrought zinc products. Galvanized steel is just plain carbon steel that has been coated with a thin zinc layer. The zinc protects iron by corroding first, but zinc corrodes at much lower rates than do steel. Other applications are in electrical batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and dimethylzinc or diethylzinc in the organic laboratory. A key part of the modern materials world in which zinc finds itself is recycling. Zinc, in common with all metals (and unlike synthetic materials) can be recycled indefinitely without degradation.

Nickel and Zinc – Comparison in Table

Element	Nickel	Zinc
Density	8.908 g/cm3	7.14 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	345 MPa	90 MPa
Yield Strength	700 MPa	75 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	200 GPa	108 GPa
Mohs Scale	4	2.5
Brinell Hardness	700 MPa	330 MPa
Vickers Hardness	640 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	1455 °C	419.53 °C
Boiling Point	2730 °C	907 °C
Thermal Conductivity	90.7 W/mK	116 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13.4 µm/mK	30.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.44 J/g K	0.39 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	17.47 kJ/mol	7.322 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	370.4 kJ/mol	115.3 kJ/mol

Cobalt and Tungsten – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-222021-01-20 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of cobalt and tungsten, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Cobalt vs Tungsten.

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Cobalt and Tungsten – About Elements

Cobalt

Cobalt is found in the Earth’s crust only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal.

Tungsten

Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work.

Cobalt in Periodic Table

Tungsten in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Cobalt and Tungsten – Applications

Cobalt

Cobalt has been used in many industrial, commercial, and military applications. Cobalt is primarily used in lithium-ion batteries, and in the manufacture of magnetic, wear-resistant and high-strength alloys. Cobalt-based Superalloys. This class of alloys is relatively new. In 2006, Sato et al. discovered a new phase in the Co–Al–W system. Unlike other superalloys, cobalt-base alloys are characterized by a solid-solution-strengthened austenitic (fcc) matrix in which a small quantity of carbide is distributed. While not used commercially to the extent of Ni-based superalloys, alloying elements found in research Co-based alloys are C, Cr, W, Ni, Ti, Al, Ir, and Ta. They possess better weldability and thermal fatigue resistance as compared to nickel based alloy. Moreover, they have excellent corrosion resistance at high temperatures (980-1100 °C) because of their higher chromium contents. Several cobalt compounds are oxidation catalysts. Typical catalysts are the cobalt carboxylates (known as cobalt soaps). They are also used in paints, varnishes, and inks as “drying agents” through the oxidation of drying oils.

Tungsten

Tungsten is widely used metal. Approximately half of the tungsten is consumed for the production of hard materials – namely tungsten carbide – with the remaining major use being in alloys and steels. Mining and mineral processing demand wear-resistant machines and components, because the energies and masses of interacting bodies are significant. For this purposes, materials with the highest wear-resistance must be used. For example, tungsten carbide is used extensively in mining in top hammer rock drill bits, downhole hammers, roller-cutters, long wall plough chisels, long wall shearer picks, raiseboring reamers, and tunnel boring machines. The remaining 40% is generally used to make various alloys and specialty steels, electrodes, filaments, wires, as well as diverse components for electric, electronic, heating, lighting, and welding applications. High-speed steels are complex iron-base alloys of carbon, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, or tungsten (as much as 18%), or combinations there of.

Cobalt and Tungsten – Comparison in Table

Element	Cobalt	Tungsten
Density	8.9 g/cm3	19.25 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	800 MPa	980 MPa
Yield Strength	220 MPa	750 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	209 GPa	411 GPa
Mohs Scale	5	7.5
Brinell Hardness	800 MPa	3000 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1040 MPa	3500 MPa
Melting Point	1495 °C	3410 °C
Boiling Point	2927 °C	59300 °C
Thermal Conductivity	100 W/mK	170 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13 µm/mK	4.5 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.42 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.19 kJ/mol	35.4 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	376.5 kJ/mol	824 kJ/mol

Cobalt and Gold – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-20 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of cobalt and gold, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Cobalt vs Gold.

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Cobalt and Gold – About Elements

Cobalt

Gold

Gold is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars.

Cobalt in Periodic Table

Gold in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Cobalt and Gold – Applications

Cobalt

Gold

Gold is used extensively in jewellery, either in its pure form or as an alloy. About 75% of all gold produced is used in the jewelry industry. Pure gold is too soft to stand up to the stresses applied to many jewelry items. Craftsmen learned that alloying gold with other metals such as copper, silver, and platinum would increase its durability. The term ‘carat’ indicates the amount of gold present in an alloy. 24-carat is pure gold, but it is very soft. 18- and 9-carat gold alloys are commonly used because they are more durable. Gold’s high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, and conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices (its chief industrial use). Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, and tooth restoration. Only 10% of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry, but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion-free electrical connectors in computers and other electrical devices.

Cobalt and Gold – Comparison in Table

Element	Cobalt	Gold
Density	8.9 g/cm3	19.3 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	800 MPa	220 MPa
Yield Strength	220 MPa	205 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	209 GPa	75 GPa
Mohs Scale	5	2.75
Brinell Hardness	800 MPa	190 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1040 MPa	215 MPa
Melting Point	1495 °C	1064 °C
Boiling Point	2927 °C	2970 °C
Thermal Conductivity	100 W/mK	320 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13 µm/mK	14.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.42 J/g K	0.128 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.19 kJ/mol	12.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	376.5 kJ/mol	334.4 kJ/mol

Cobalt and Silver – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-20 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of cobalt and silver, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Cobalt vs Silver.

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Cobalt and Silver – About Elements

Cobalt

Silver

Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth’s crust in the pure, free elemental form (“native silver”), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.

Cobalt in Periodic Table

Silver in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Cobalt and Silver – Applications

Cobalt

Silver

Silver has long been valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes alongside gold. Silver has many important, far-reaching technological and electronic applications. It’s used in everything from cell phones, computers and semiconductors to automobiles, water-purification systems and—because it is the best conductor of heat of all elements—spacecraft solar radiation tiles. Silver is of the upmost importance in photography (where approximately 30% of the U.S. Industrial consumption goes into this application). The medical uses of silver include its use in wound dressings, creams, and as an antibiotic coating on medical devices. Wound dressings containing silver sulfadiazine or silver nanomaterials may be used on external infections.

Cobalt and Silver – Comparison in Table

Element	Cobalt	Silver
Density	8.9 g/cm3	10.49 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	800 MPa	110 MPa
Yield Strength	220 MPa	45 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	209 GPa	83 GPa
Mohs Scale	5	3.25
Brinell Hardness	800 MPa	210 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1040 MPa	251
Melting Point	1495 °C	961.78 °C
Boiling Point	2927 °C	2162 °C
Thermal Conductivity	100 W/mK	430 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13 µm/mK	18.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.42 J/g K	0.235 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.19 kJ/mol	11.3 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	376.5 kJ/mol	250.58 kJ/mol

Cobalt and Zinc – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-20 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of cobalt and zinc, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Cobalt vs Zinc.

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Cobalt and Zinc – About Elements

Cobalt

Zinc

In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions are of similar size.

Cobalt in Periodic Table

Zinc in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Cobalt and Zinc – Applications

Cobalt

Zinc

Cobalt and Zinc – Comparison in Table

Element	Cobalt	Zinc
Density	8.9 g/cm3	7.14 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	800 MPa	90 MPa
Yield Strength	220 MPa	75 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	209 GPa	108 GPa
Mohs Scale	5	2.5
Brinell Hardness	800 MPa	330 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1040 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	1495 °C	419.53 °C
Boiling Point	2927 °C	907 °C
Thermal Conductivity	100 W/mK	116 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13 µm/mK	30.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.42 J/g K	0.39 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.19 kJ/mol	7.322 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	376.5 kJ/mol	115.3 kJ/mol

Cobalt and Cadmium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-20 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of cobalt and cadmium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Cobalt vs Cadmium.

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Cobalt and Cadmium – About Elements

Cobalt

Cadmium

Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section.

Cobalt in Periodic Table

Cadmium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Cobalt and Cadmium – Applications

Cobalt

Cadmium

Cadmium is primarily consumed for the production of rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries. In 2009, 86% of cadmium was used in batteries, predominantly in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Other end uses include pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics. Solar cell manufacturing may become another significant market for cadmium in the future. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section.

Cobalt and Cadmium – Comparison in Table

Element	Cobalt	Cadmium
Density	8.9 g/cm3	8.65 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	800 MPa	75 MPa
Yield Strength	220 MPa	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	209 GPa	50 GPa
Mohs Scale	5	2
Brinell Hardness	800 MPa	203 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1040 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	1495 °C	321.07 °C
Boiling Point	2927 °C	767 °C
Thermal Conductivity	100 W/mK	97 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13 µm/mK	30.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.42 J/g K	0.23 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.19 kJ/mol	6.192 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	376.5 kJ/mol	99.57 kJ/mol

Cobalt and Copper – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-20 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of cobalt and copper, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Cobalt vs Copper.

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Cobalt and Copper – About Elements

Cobalt

Copper

Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.

Cobalt in Periodic Table

Copper in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Cobalt and Copper – Applications

Cobalt

Copper

Historically, alloying copper with another metal, for example tin to make bronze, was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after “natural bronze” had come into general use. An ancient civilization is defined to be in the Bronze Age either by producing bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin, arsenic, or other metals. The major applications of copper are electrical wire (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%), and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is used mostly as a pure metal, but when greater hardness is required, it is put into such alloys as brass and bronze (5% of total use). Copper and copper-based alloys including brasses (Cu-Zn) and bronzes (Cu-Sn) are widely used in different industrial and societal applications. Some of the common uses for brass alloys include costume jewelry, locks, hinges, gears, bearings, ammunition casings, automotive radiators, musical instruments, electronic packaging, and coins. Bronze, or bronze-like alloys and mixtures, were used for coins over a longer period. is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings, automobile transmission pilot bearings, and similar fittings, and is particularly common in the bearings of small electric motors. Brass and bronze are common engineering materials in modern architecture and primarily used for roofing and facade cladding due to their visual appearance.

Cobalt and Copper – Comparison in Table

Element	Cobalt	Copper
Density	8.9 g/cm3	8.92 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	800 MPa	210 MPa
Yield Strength	220 MPa	33 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	209 GPa	120 GPa
Mohs Scale	5	3
Brinell Hardness	800 MPa	250 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1040 MPa	350 MPa
Melting Point	1495 °C	1084.62 °C
Boiling Point	2927 °C	2562 °C
Thermal Conductivity	100 W/mK	401 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13 µm/mK	16.5 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.42 J/g K	0.38 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.19 kJ/mol	13.05 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	376.5 kJ/mol	300.3 kJ/mol

Iron and Lead – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of iron and lead, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Iron vs Lead.

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Iron and Lead – About Elements

Iron

Iron is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars.

Lead

Lead is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. Lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and concludes three major decay chains of heavier elements.

Iron in Periodic Table

Lead in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Iron and Lead – Applications

Iron

Iron is used in numerous sectors such as electronics, manufacturing, automotive, and construction and building. Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for over 90% of worldwide metal produc0tion. Its low cost and high strength often make it the material of choice material to withstand stress or transmit forces, such as the construction of machinery and machine tools, rails, automobiles, ship hulls, concrete reinforcing bars, and the load-carrying framework of buildings. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly combined with alloying elements to make steel. Steels are iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great ductility for the greater strength. Due to its very-high strength, but still substantial toughness, and its ability to be greatly altered by heat treatment, steel is one of the most useful and common ferrous alloy in modern use. There are thousands of alloys that have different compositions and/or heat treatments. The mechanical properties are sensitive to the content of carbon, which is normally less than 1.0 wt%.

Lead

Lead metal has several useful mechanical properties, including high density, low melting point, ductility, and relative inertness. Lead is widely used for car batteries, pigments, ammunition, cable sheathing, weights for lifting, weight belts for diving, lead crystal glass, radiation protection and in some solders. The largest use of lead in the early 21st century is in lead–acid batteries. The lead in batteries undergoes no direct contact with humans, so there are fewer toxicity concerns. Lead is used in high voltage power cables as sheathing material to prevent water diffusion into insulation; this use is decreasing as lead is being phased out. A lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. On the other hand depleted uranium is much more effective due to its higher Z. Depleted uranium is used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources.

Iron and Lead – Comparison in Table

Element	Iron	Lead
Density	7.874 g/cm3	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	540 MPa	17 MPa
Yield Strength	50 MPa	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	211 GPa	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	4.5	1.5
Brinell Hardness	490 MPa	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	608 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	1538 °C	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	2861 °C	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	80.2 W/mK	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.8 µm/mK	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.44 J/g K	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	13.8 kJ/mol	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	349.6 kJ/mol	177.7 kJ/mol

Iron and Zirconium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-18 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of iron and zirconium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Iron vs Zirconium.

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Iron and Zirconium – About Elements

Iron

Zirconium

Zirconium is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier, although small amounts are used as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. Zirconium is widely used as a cladding for nuclear reactor fuels. The desired properties of these alloys are a low neutron-capture cross-section and resistance to corrosion under normal service conditions.

Iron in Periodic Table

Zirconium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Iron and Zirconium – Applications

Iron

Zirconium

Most zircon is used directly in high-temperature applications. This material is refractory, hard, and resistant to chemical attack. Because of these properties, zircon finds many applications, few of which are highly publicized. Its main use is as an opacifier, conferring a white, opaque appearance to ceramic materials. Zirconium and its alloys are widely used as a cladding for nuclear reactor fuels. Zirconium alloyed with niobium or tin has excellent corrosion properties. The high corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys results from the natural formation of a dense stable oxide on the surface of the metal. This film is self healing, it continues to grow slowly at temperatures up to approximately 550 °C (1020 °F), and it remains tightly adherent. The desired property of these alloys is also a low neutron-capture cross-section. The disadvantages of zirconium are low strength properties and low heat resistance, which can be eliminated, for example, by alloying with niobium.

Iron and Zirconium – Comparison in Table

Element	Iron	Zirconium
Density	7.874 g/cm3	6.511 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	540 MPa	330 MPa
Yield Strength	50 MPa	230 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	211 GPa	88 GPa
Mohs Scale	4.5	5
Brinell Hardness	490 MPa	650 MPa
Vickers Hardness	608 MPa	900 MPa
Melting Point	1538 °C	1855 °C
Boiling Point	2861 °C	4377 °C
Thermal Conductivity	80.2 W/mK	22.7 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.8 µm/mK	5.7 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.44 J/g K	0.27 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	13.8 kJ/mol	16.9 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	349.6 kJ/mol	591 kJ/mol