Nick Connor, Autor Material Properties

Fluorine and Neon – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-07 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of fluorine and neon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Fluorine vs Neon.

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Fluorine and Neon – About Elements

Fluorine

Fluorine is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.

Neon

Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air.

Fluorine in Periodic Table

Neon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Fluorine and Neon – Applications

Fluorine

Owing to the expense of refining pure fluorine, most commercial applications use fluorine compounds, with about half of mined fluorite used in steelmaking. The rest of the fluorite is converted into corrosive hydrogen fluoride en route to various organic fluorides, or into cryolite, which plays a key role in aluminium refining. Most commercial uranium enrichment processes (gaseous diffusion and the gas centrifuge method) require the uranium to be in a gaseous form, therefore the uranium oxide concentrate must be first converted to uranium hexafluoride, which is a gas at relatively low temperatures. Molecules containing a carbon–fluorine bond often have very high chemical and thermal stability; their major uses are as refrigerants, electrical insulation and cookware, the last as PTFE (Teflon).

Neon

Neon is often used in signs and produces an unmistakable bright reddish-orange light. Although tube lights with other colors are often called “neon”, they use different noble gases or varied colors of fluorescent lighting. Neon is also used to make high-voltage indicators and switching gear, lightning arresters, diving equipment and lasers. Liquid neon is an important cryogenic refrigerant. It has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity per unit volume than liquid helium, and more than 3 times that of liquid hydrogen.

Fluorine and Neon – Comparison in Table

Element	Fluorine	Neon
Density	0.0017 g/cm3	0.0009 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-219.8 °C	-248 °C
Boiling Point	-188.1 °C	-248.7 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0279 W/mK	0.0493 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	0.82 J/g K	0.904 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.2552 kJ/mol	0.3317 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	3.2698 kJ/mol	1.7326 kJ/mol

Fluorine and Chlorine – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-07 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of fluorine and chlorine, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Fluorine vs Chlorine.

fluorine and chlorine - comparison

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Fluorine and Chlorine – About Elements

Fluorine

Chlorine

Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity, behind only oxygen and fluorine.

Fluorine in Periodic Table

Chlorine in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Fluorine and Chlorine – Applications

Fluorine

Chlorine

Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), many intermediates for the production of plastics, and other end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them sanitary. While perhaps best known for its role in providing clean drinking water, chlorine chemistry also helps provide energy-efficient building materials, electronics, fiber optics, solar energy cells, 93 percent of life-saving pharmaceuticals, 86 percent of crop protection compounds, medical plastics, and much more.

Fluorine and Chlorine – Comparison in Table

Element	Fluorine	Chlorine
Density	0.0017 g/cm3	0.0032 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-219.8 °C	-101 °C
Boiling Point	-188.1 °C	-34.6 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0279 W/mK	0.0089 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	0.82 J/g K	0.48 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.2552 kJ/mol	3.23 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	3.2698 kJ/mol	10.2 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Iron – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and iron, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Iron.

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Oxygen and Iron – About Elements

Oxygen

Oxygen is a colourless, odourless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.

Iron

Iron is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Iron in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Iron – Applications

Oxygen

Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving. Smelting of iron ore into steel consumes 55% of commercially produced oxygen. In this process, oxygen is injected through a high-pressure lance into molten iron, which removes sulfur impurities and excess carbon as the respective oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Uptake of oxygen from the air is the essential purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient’s blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart.

Iron

Iron is used in numerous sectors such as electronics, manufacturing, automotive, and construction and building. Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for over 90% of worldwide metal produc0tion. Its low cost and high strength often make it the material of choice material to withstand stress or transmit forces, such as the construction of machinery and machine tools, rails, automobiles, ship hulls, concrete reinforcing bars, and the load-carrying framework of buildings. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly combined with alloying elements to make steel. Steels are iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great ductility for the greater strength. Due to its very-high strength, but still substantial toughness, and its ability to be greatly altered by heat treatment, steel is one of the most useful and common ferrous alloy in modern use. There are thousands of alloys that have different compositions and/or heat treatments. The mechanical properties are sensitive to the content of carbon, which is normally less than 1.0 wt%.

Oxygen and Iron – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Iron
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	7.874 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	540 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	50 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	211 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	4.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A	490 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	608 MPa
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	1538 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	2861 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	80.2 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	11.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.44 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	13.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	349.6 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Calcium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and calcium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Calcium.

oxygen and calcium - comparison

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Oxygen and Calcium – About Elements

Oxygen

Calcium

Calcium is an alkaline earth metal, it is a reactive pale yellow metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth’s crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Calcium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Calcium – Applications

Oxygen

Calcium

The largest use of metallic calcium is in steelmaking, due to its strong chemical affinity for oxygen and sulfur. Its oxides and sulfides, once formed, give liquid lime aluminate and sulfide inclusions in steel which float out. Calcium compounds are used as manufacture of insecticides, paints, blackboard chalk, textile and fireworks.

Oxygen and Calcium – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Calcium
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	1.55 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	110 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	20 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	1.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A	170 – 400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	842 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	1484 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	200 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	22.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.63 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	8.54 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	153.3 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Potassium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and potassium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Potassium.

oxygen and potassium - comparison

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Oxygen and Potassium – About Elements

Oxygen

Potassium

Potassium was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals. All of the alkali metals have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, which is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge – a cation, which combines with anions to form salts. Naturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which 40K is radioactive. Traces of 40K are found in all potassium, and it is the most common radioisotope in the human body.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Potassium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Potassium – Applications

Oxygen

Potassium

Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for plant growth. It’s classified as a macronutrient because plants take up large quantities of K during their life cycle. Agricultural fertilizers consume 95% of global potassium chemical production, and about 90% of this potassium is supplied as KCl. Due to its high degree of reactivity, pure potassium is rarely used in its elemental /metallic form. It is used as a powerful reducing agent in organic chemistry. Potassium/Sodium alloys are It used as a heat exchange medium . The heat in the potassium warms water and makes it hot enough to boil. Then water is changed into steam, which is used to work devices that generate electricity.

Oxygen and Potassium – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Potassium
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	0.856 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	3.53 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	0.4
Brinell Hardness	N/A	0.36 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	63.25 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	760 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	102.4 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	83 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.75 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	2.334 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	79.87 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Chlorine – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and chlorine, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Chlorine.

oxygen and chlorine - comparison

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Oxygen and Chlorine – About Elements

Oxygen

Chlorine

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Chlorine in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Chlorine – Applications

Oxygen

Chlorine

Oxygen and Chlorine – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Chlorine
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	0.0032 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	-101 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	-34.6 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	0.0089 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.48 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	3.23 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	10.2 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Sulfur – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and sulfur, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Sulfur.

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Oxygen and Sulfur – About Elements

Oxygen

Sulfur

Sulfur is abundant, multivalent, and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid at room temperature. Chemically, sulfur reacts with all elements except for gold, platinum, iridium, tellurium, and the noble gases.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Sulfur in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Sulfur – Applications

Oxygen

Sulfur

The greatest commercial use of the element is the production of sulfuric acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers, and other chemical processes. Sulfur is increasingly used as a component of fertilizers. The most important form of sulfur for fertilizer is the mineral calcium sulfate. The element sulfur is used in matches, insecticides, and fungicides. Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and the smells of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic are due to organosulfur compounds.

Oxygen and Sulfur – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Sulfur
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	1.96 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	2
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	112.8 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	444.7 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	0.269 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.71 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	1.7175 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	45 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Silicon – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and silicon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Silicon.

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Oxygen and Silicon – About Elements

Oxygen

Silicon

Silicon is a hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Silicon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Silicon – Applications

Oxygen

Silicon

Most silicon is used industrially without being purified, and indeed, often with comparatively little processing from its natural form. Silicon is a vital ingredient in aluminum, steel, and iron alloys. It is added as a fluxing agent for copper alloys. In the form of clay and sand, it is used to manufacture bricks and concrete; it is a valuable refractory material for high-temperature work, for example, molding sands for castings in foundry applications. Silica is used to make fire brick, a type of ceramic. Silicate minerals are also in whiteware ceramics, an important class of products usually containing various types of fired clay minerals (natural aluminium phyllosilicates). An example is porcelain, which is based on the silicate mineral kaolinite. Traditional glass (silica-based soda-lime glass) also functions in many of the same ways, and also is used for windows and containers. Hyperpure silicon metal and doped hyperpure silicon (doping with boron, phosphorous, gallium, or arsenic) are used in solar cells, transistors and semiconductors.

Oxygen and Silicon – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Silicon
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	2.33 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	170 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	165 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	150 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	7
Brinell Hardness	N/A	2300 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	1410 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	3265 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	148 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	2.6 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.71 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	50.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	384.22 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Aluminium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and aluminium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Aluminium.

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Oxygen and Aluminium – About Elements

Oxygen

Aluminium

Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth’s crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Aluminium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Aluminium – Applications

Oxygen

Aluminium

Aluminium and its alloys are used widely in aerospace, automotive, architectural, lithographic, packaging, electrical and electronic applications. It is the prime material of construction for the aircraft industry throughout most of its history. About 70% of commercial civil aircraft airframes are made from aluminium alloys, and without aluminium civil aviation would not be economically viable. Automotive industry now includes aluminium as engine castings, wheels, radiators and increasingly as body parts. 6111 aluminium and 2008 aluminium alloy are extensively used for external automotive body panels. Cylinder blocks and crankcases are often cast made of aluminium alloys.

Oxygen and Aluminium – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Aluminium
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	2.7 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	90 MPa (pure), 600 MPa (alloys)
Yield Strength	N/A	11 MPa (pure), 400 MPa (alloys)
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	70 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	2.8
Brinell Hardness	N/A	240 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	167 MPa
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	660 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	2467 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	237 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	23.1 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.9 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	10.79 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	293.4 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Magnesium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and magnesium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Magnesium.

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Oxygen and Magnesium – About Elements

Oxygen

Magnesium

Magnesium is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Magnesium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Magnesium – Applications

Oxygen

Magnesium

Magnesium is the third-most-commonly-used structural metal, following iron and aluminium.[35] The main applications of magnesium are, in order: aluminium alloys, die-casting (alloyed with zinc), removing sulfur in the production of iron and steel, and the production of titanium in the Kroll process. Magnesium alloys are used in a wide variety of structural and nonstructural applications. Structural applications include automotive, industrial, materials-handling, commercial, and aerospace equipment. Magnesium alloys are used for parts that operate at high speeds and thus must be light weight to minimize inertial forces. Commercial applications include hand-held tools, laptops, luggage, and ladders, automobiles (e.g., steering wheels and columns, seat frames, transmission cases). Magnox (alloy), whose name is an abbreviation for “magnesium non-oxidizing”, is 99% magnesium and 1% aluminum, and is used in the cladding of fuel rods in magnox nuclear power reactors.

Oxygen and Magnesium – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Magnesium
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	1.738 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	200 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	45 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	2.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A	260 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	649 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	1090 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	156 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	24.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	1.02 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	8.954 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	127.4 kJ/mol