Material Properties Archivy - Page 31 of 80

Sodium and Aluminium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-112021-01-11 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of sodium and aluminium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Sodium vs Aluminium.

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Sodium and Aluminium – About Elements

Sodium

Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation.

Aluminium

Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth’s crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below.

Sodium in Periodic Table

Aluminium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Sodium and Aluminium – Applications

Sodium

Metallic sodium is used mainly for the production of sodium borohydride, sodium azide, indigo, and triphenylphosphine. A once-common use was the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because of the move away from TEL and new titanium production methods. An electric current and sodium vapor combine to form a yellowish glow. This principle is used for the making of sodium vapor lamps. Sodium is occasionally used as a heat exchange medium in nuclear power plants. Liquid sodium is sealed into pipes surrounding the reactor core. Generated heat is absorbed by sodium and forced through the pipes in a heat exchanger which can be used to generate electricity.

Aluminium

Aluminium and its alloys are used widely in aerospace, automotive, architectural, lithographic, packaging, electrical and electronic applications. It is the prime material of construction for the aircraft industry throughout most of its history. About 70% of commercial civil aircraft airframes are made from aluminium alloys, and without aluminium civil aviation would not be economically viable. Automotive industry now includes aluminium as engine castings, wheels, radiators and increasingly as body parts. 6111 aluminium and 2008 aluminium alloy are extensively used for external automotive body panels. Cylinder blocks and crankcases are often cast made of aluminium alloys.

Sodium and Aluminium – Comparison in Table

Element	Sodium	Aluminium
Density	0.968 g/cm3	2.7 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	90 MPa (pure), 600 MPa (alloys)
Yield Strength	N/A	11 MPa (pure), 400 MPa (alloys)
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	10 GPa	70 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.4	2.8
Brinell Hardness	0.69 MPa	240 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	167 MPa
Melting Point	97.8 °C	660 °C
Boiling Point	883 °C	2467 °C
Thermal Conductivity	141 W/mK	137 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	71 µm/mK	23.1 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.23 J/g K	0.9 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	2.598 kJ/mol	10.79 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	96.96 kJ/mol	293.4 kJ/mol

Neon and Xenon – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-07 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of neon and xenon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Neon vs Xenon.

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Neon and Xenon – About Elements

Neon

Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air.

Xenon

Xenon is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in the Earth’s atmosphere in trace amounts.[10] Although generally unreactive, xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions. Xenon was first discovered in 1898 by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers. The name xenon for this gas comes from the Greek word ξένον [xenon], neuter singular form of ξένος [xenos], meaning ‘foreign(er)’, ‘strange(r)’, or ‘guest’. In nuclear industry, especially artificial xenon 135 has a tremendous impact on the operation of a nuclear reactor. For physicists and for reactor operators, it is important to understand the mechanisms that produce and remove xenon from the reactor to predict how the reactor will respond following changes in power level.

Neon in Periodic Table

Xenon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Neon and Xenon – Applications

Neon

Neon is often used in signs and produces an unmistakable bright reddish-orange light. Although tube lights with other colors are often called “neon”, they use different noble gases or varied colors of fluorescent lighting. Neon is also used to make high-voltage indicators and switching gear, lightning arresters, diving equipment and lasers. Liquid neon is an important cryogenic refrigerant. It has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity per unit volume than liquid helium, and more than 3 times that of liquid hydrogen.

Xenon

Xenon is useful in the following applications. The white flash of light produced by xenon makes it suitable for usage in strobe lights and to power ruby lasers. Xenon is used in light-emitting devices called xenon flash lamps, used in photographic flashes and stroboscopic lamps.

Neon and Xenon – Comparison in Table

Element	Neon	Xenon
Density	0.0009 g/cm3	0.0059 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-248 °C	-111.8 °C
Boiling Point	-248.7 °C	-107.1 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0493 W/mK	0.00565 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	0.904 J/g K	0.158 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.3317 kJ/mol	2.297 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	1.7326 kJ/mol	12.636 kJ/mol

Neon and Argon – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-07 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of neon and argon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Neon vs Argon.

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Neon and Argon – About Elements

Neon

Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air.

Argon

Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the Earth’s atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). It is more than twice as abundant as water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), 23 times as abundant as carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as neon (18 ppmv). Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily unreactive substances become reactive; for example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning.

Neon in Periodic Table

Argon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Neon and Argon – Applications

Neon

Argon

The major applications of argon include the following: electric lamps as filler gas, welding purpose, discharge tubes, argon lasers and argon-dye lasers. Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily unreactive substances become reactive; for example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning. Argon is also used in incandescent, fluorescent lighting, and other gas-discharge tubes.

Neon and Argon – Comparison in Table

Element	Neon	Argon
Density	0.0009 g/cm3	0.00178 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-248 °C	-189.2 °C
Boiling Point	-248.7 °C	-185.7 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0493 W/mK	0.01772 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	0.904 J/g K	0.52 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.3317 kJ/mol	1.188 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	1.7326 kJ/mol	6.447 kJ/mol

Fluorine and Aluminium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-07 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of fluorine and aluminium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Fluorine vs Aluminium.

fluorine and aluminium - comparison

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Fluorine and Aluminium – About Elements

Fluorine

Fluorine is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.

Aluminium

Fluorine in Periodic Table

Aluminium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Fluorine and Aluminium – Applications

Fluorine

Owing to the expense of refining pure fluorine, most commercial applications use fluorine compounds, with about half of mined fluorite used in steelmaking. The rest of the fluorite is converted into corrosive hydrogen fluoride en route to various organic fluorides, or into cryolite, which plays a key role in aluminium refining. Most commercial uranium enrichment processes (gaseous diffusion and the gas centrifuge method) require the uranium to be in a gaseous form, therefore the uranium oxide concentrate must be first converted to uranium hexafluoride, which is a gas at relatively low temperatures. Molecules containing a carbon–fluorine bond often have very high chemical and thermal stability; their major uses are as refrigerants, electrical insulation and cookware, the last as PTFE (Teflon).

Aluminium

Fluorine and Aluminium – Comparison in Table

Element	Fluorine	Aluminium
Density	0.0017 g/cm3	2.7 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	90 MPa (pure), 600 MPa (alloys)
Yield Strength	N/A	11 MPa (pure), 400 MPa (alloys)
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	70 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	2.8
Brinell Hardness	N/A	240 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	167 MPa
Melting Point	-219.8 °C	660 °C
Boiling Point	-188.1 °C	2467 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0279 W/mK	137 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	23.1 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.82 J/g K	0.9 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.2552 kJ/mol	10.79 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	3.2698 kJ/mol	293.4 kJ/mol

Fluorine and Calcium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-07 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of fluorine and calcium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Fluorine vs Calcium.

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Fluorine and Calcium – About Elements

Fluorine

Calcium

Calcium is an alkaline earth metal, it is a reactive pale yellow metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth’s crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium.

Fluorine in Periodic Table

Calcium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Fluorine and Calcium – Applications

Fluorine

Calcium

The largest use of metallic calcium is in steelmaking, due to its strong chemical affinity for oxygen and sulfur. Its oxides and sulfides, once formed, give liquid lime aluminate and sulfide inclusions in steel which float out. Calcium compounds are used as manufacture of insecticides, paints, blackboard chalk, textile and fireworks.

Fluorine and Calcium – Comparison in Table

Element	Fluorine	Calcium
Density	0.0017 g/cm3	1.55 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	110 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	20 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	1.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A	170 – 400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-219.8 °C	842 °C
Boiling Point	-188.1 °C	1484 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0279 W/mK	200 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	22.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.82 J/g K	0.63 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.2552 kJ/mol	8.54 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	3.2698 kJ/mol	153.3 kJ/mol

Fluorine and Iron – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-07 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of fluorine and iron, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Fluorine vs Iron.

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Fluorine and Iron – About Elements

Fluorine

Iron

Iron is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars.

Fluorine in Periodic Table

Iron in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Fluorine and Iron – Applications

Fluorine

Iron

Iron is used in numerous sectors such as electronics, manufacturing, automotive, and construction and building. Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for over 90% of worldwide metal produc0tion. Its low cost and high strength often make it the material of choice material to withstand stress or transmit forces, such as the construction of machinery and machine tools, rails, automobiles, ship hulls, concrete reinforcing bars, and the load-carrying framework of buildings. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly combined with alloying elements to make steel. Steels are iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great ductility for the greater strength. Due to its very-high strength, but still substantial toughness, and its ability to be greatly altered by heat treatment, steel is one of the most useful and common ferrous alloy in modern use. There are thousands of alloys that have different compositions and/or heat treatments. The mechanical properties are sensitive to the content of carbon, which is normally less than 1.0 wt%.

Fluorine and Iron – Comparison in Table

Element	Fluorine	Iron
Density	0.0017 g/cm3	7.874 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	540 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	50 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	211 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	4.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A	490 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	608 MPa
Melting Point	-219.8 °C	1538 °C
Boiling Point	-188.1 °C	2861 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0279 W/mK	80.2 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	11.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.82 J/g K	0.44 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.2552 kJ/mol	13.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	3.2698 kJ/mol	349.6 kJ/mol

Fluorine and Neon – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-07 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of fluorine and neon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Fluorine vs Neon.

fluorine and neon - comparison

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Fluorine and Neon – About Elements

Fluorine

Neon

Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air.

Fluorine in Periodic Table

Neon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Fluorine and Neon – Applications

Fluorine

Neon

Fluorine and Neon – Comparison in Table

Element	Fluorine	Neon
Density	0.0017 g/cm3	0.0009 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-219.8 °C	-248 °C
Boiling Point	-188.1 °C	-248.7 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0279 W/mK	0.0493 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	0.82 J/g K	0.904 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.2552 kJ/mol	0.3317 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	3.2698 kJ/mol	1.7326 kJ/mol

Fluorine and Chlorine – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-07 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of fluorine and chlorine, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Fluorine vs Chlorine.

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Fluorine and Chlorine – About Elements

Fluorine

Chlorine

Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity, behind only oxygen and fluorine.

Fluorine in Periodic Table

Chlorine in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Fluorine and Chlorine – Applications

Fluorine

Chlorine

Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), many intermediates for the production of plastics, and other end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them sanitary. While perhaps best known for its role in providing clean drinking water, chlorine chemistry also helps provide energy-efficient building materials, electronics, fiber optics, solar energy cells, 93 percent of life-saving pharmaceuticals, 86 percent of crop protection compounds, medical plastics, and much more.

Fluorine and Chlorine – Comparison in Table

Element	Fluorine	Chlorine
Density	0.0017 g/cm3	0.0032 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-219.8 °C	-101 °C
Boiling Point	-188.1 °C	-34.6 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0279 W/mK	0.0089 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	0.82 J/g K	0.48 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.2552 kJ/mol	3.23 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	3.2698 kJ/mol	10.2 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Iron – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and iron, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Iron.

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Oxygen and Iron – About Elements

Oxygen

Oxygen is a colourless, odourless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.

Iron

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Iron in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Iron – Applications

Oxygen

Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving. Smelting of iron ore into steel consumes 55% of commercially produced oxygen. In this process, oxygen is injected through a high-pressure lance into molten iron, which removes sulfur impurities and excess carbon as the respective oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Uptake of oxygen from the air is the essential purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient’s blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart.

Iron

Oxygen and Iron – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Iron
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	7.874 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	540 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	50 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	211 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	4.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A	490 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	608 MPa
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	1538 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	2861 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	80.2 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	11.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.44 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	13.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	349.6 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Calcium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and calcium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Calcium.

oxygen and calcium - comparison

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Oxygen and Calcium – About Elements

Oxygen

Calcium

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Calcium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Calcium – Applications

Oxygen

Calcium

Oxygen and Calcium – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Calcium
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	1.55 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	110 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	20 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	1.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A	170 – 400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	842 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	1484 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	200 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	22.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.63 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	8.54 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	153.3 kJ/mol