Material Properties Archivy - Page 32 of 80

Oxygen and Potassium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and potassium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Potassium.

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Oxygen and Potassium – About Elements

Oxygen

Oxygen is a colourless, odourless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.

Potassium

Potassium was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals. All of the alkali metals have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, which is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge – a cation, which combines with anions to form salts. Naturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which 40K is radioactive. Traces of 40K are found in all potassium, and it is the most common radioisotope in the human body.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Potassium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Potassium – Applications

Oxygen

Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving. Smelting of iron ore into steel consumes 55% of commercially produced oxygen. In this process, oxygen is injected through a high-pressure lance into molten iron, which removes sulfur impurities and excess carbon as the respective oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Uptake of oxygen from the air is the essential purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient’s blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart.

Potassium

Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for plant growth. It’s classified as a macronutrient because plants take up large quantities of K during their life cycle. Agricultural fertilizers consume 95% of global potassium chemical production, and about 90% of this potassium is supplied as KCl. Due to its high degree of reactivity, pure potassium is rarely used in its elemental /metallic form. It is used as a powerful reducing agent in organic chemistry. Potassium/Sodium alloys are It used as a heat exchange medium . The heat in the potassium warms water and makes it hot enough to boil. Then water is changed into steam, which is used to work devices that generate electricity.

Oxygen and Potassium – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Potassium
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	0.856 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	3.53 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	0.4
Brinell Hardness	N/A	0.36 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	63.25 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	760 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	102.4 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	83 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.75 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	2.334 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	79.87 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Chlorine – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and chlorine, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Chlorine.

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Oxygen and Chlorine – About Elements

Oxygen

Chlorine

Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity, behind only oxygen and fluorine.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Chlorine in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Chlorine – Applications

Oxygen

Chlorine

Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), many intermediates for the production of plastics, and other end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them sanitary. While perhaps best known for its role in providing clean drinking water, chlorine chemistry also helps provide energy-efficient building materials, electronics, fiber optics, solar energy cells, 93 percent of life-saving pharmaceuticals, 86 percent of crop protection compounds, medical plastics, and much more.

Oxygen and Chlorine – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Chlorine
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	0.0032 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	-101 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	-34.6 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	0.0089 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.48 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	3.23 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	10.2 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Sulfur – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and sulfur, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Sulfur.

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Oxygen and Sulfur – About Elements

Oxygen

Sulfur

Sulfur is abundant, multivalent, and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid at room temperature. Chemically, sulfur reacts with all elements except for gold, platinum, iridium, tellurium, and the noble gases.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Sulfur in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Sulfur – Applications

Oxygen

Sulfur

The greatest commercial use of the element is the production of sulfuric acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers, and other chemical processes. Sulfur is increasingly used as a component of fertilizers. The most important form of sulfur for fertilizer is the mineral calcium sulfate. The element sulfur is used in matches, insecticides, and fungicides. Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and the smells of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic are due to organosulfur compounds.

Oxygen and Sulfur – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Sulfur
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	1.96 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	2
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	112.8 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	444.7 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	0.269 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.71 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	1.7175 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	45 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Silicon – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and silicon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Silicon.

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Oxygen and Silicon – About Elements

Oxygen

Silicon

Silicon is a hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Silicon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Silicon – Applications

Oxygen

Silicon

Most silicon is used industrially without being purified, and indeed, often with comparatively little processing from its natural form. Silicon is a vital ingredient in aluminum, steel, and iron alloys. It is added as a fluxing agent for copper alloys. In the form of clay and sand, it is used to manufacture bricks and concrete; it is a valuable refractory material for high-temperature work, for example, molding sands for castings in foundry applications. Silica is used to make fire brick, a type of ceramic. Silicate minerals are also in whiteware ceramics, an important class of products usually containing various types of fired clay minerals (natural aluminium phyllosilicates). An example is porcelain, which is based on the silicate mineral kaolinite. Traditional glass (silica-based soda-lime glass) also functions in many of the same ways, and also is used for windows and containers. Hyperpure silicon metal and doped hyperpure silicon (doping with boron, phosphorous, gallium, or arsenic) are used in solar cells, transistors and semiconductors.

Oxygen and Silicon – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Silicon
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	2.33 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	170 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	165 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	150 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	7
Brinell Hardness	N/A	2300 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	1410 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	3265 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	148 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	2.6 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.71 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	50.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	384.22 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Aluminium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and aluminium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Aluminium.

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Oxygen and Aluminium – About Elements

Oxygen

Aluminium

Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth’s crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Aluminium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Aluminium – Applications

Oxygen

Aluminium

Aluminium and its alloys are used widely in aerospace, automotive, architectural, lithographic, packaging, electrical and electronic applications. It is the prime material of construction for the aircraft industry throughout most of its history. About 70% of commercial civil aircraft airframes are made from aluminium alloys, and without aluminium civil aviation would not be economically viable. Automotive industry now includes aluminium as engine castings, wheels, radiators and increasingly as body parts. 6111 aluminium and 2008 aluminium alloy are extensively used for external automotive body panels. Cylinder blocks and crankcases are often cast made of aluminium alloys.

Oxygen and Aluminium – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Aluminium
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	2.7 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	90 MPa (pure), 600 MPa (alloys)
Yield Strength	N/A	11 MPa (pure), 400 MPa (alloys)
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	70 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	2.8
Brinell Hardness	N/A	240 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	167 MPa
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	660 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	2467 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	237 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	23.1 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.9 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	10.79 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	293.4 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Magnesium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and magnesium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Magnesium.

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Oxygen and Magnesium – About Elements

Oxygen

Magnesium

Magnesium is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Magnesium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Magnesium – Applications

Oxygen

Magnesium

Magnesium is the third-most-commonly-used structural metal, following iron and aluminium.[35] The main applications of magnesium are, in order: aluminium alloys, die-casting (alloyed with zinc), removing sulfur in the production of iron and steel, and the production of titanium in the Kroll process. Magnesium alloys are used in a wide variety of structural and nonstructural applications. Structural applications include automotive, industrial, materials-handling, commercial, and aerospace equipment. Magnesium alloys are used for parts that operate at high speeds and thus must be light weight to minimize inertial forces. Commercial applications include hand-held tools, laptops, luggage, and ladders, automobiles (e.g., steering wheels and columns, seat frames, transmission cases). Magnox (alloy), whose name is an abbreviation for “magnesium non-oxidizing”, is 99% magnesium and 1% aluminum, and is used in the cladding of fuel rods in magnox nuclear power reactors.

Oxygen and Magnesium – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Magnesium
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	1.738 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	200 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	45 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	2.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A	260 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	649 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	1090 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	156 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	24.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	1.02 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	8.954 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	127.4 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Fluorine – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and fluorine, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Fluorine.

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Oxygen and Fluorine – About Elements

Oxygen

Fluorine

Fluorine is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Fluorine in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Fluorine – Applications

Oxygen

Fluorine

Owing to the expense of refining pure fluorine, most commercial applications use fluorine compounds, with about half of mined fluorite used in steelmaking. The rest of the fluorite is converted into corrosive hydrogen fluoride en route to various organic fluorides, or into cryolite, which plays a key role in aluminium refining. Most commercial uranium enrichment processes (gaseous diffusion and the gas centrifuge method) require the uranium to be in a gaseous form, therefore the uranium oxide concentrate must be first converted to uranium hexafluoride, which is a gas at relatively low temperatures. Molecules containing a carbon–fluorine bond often have very high chemical and thermal stability; their major uses are as refrigerants, electrical insulation and cookware, the last as PTFE (Teflon).

Oxygen and Fluorine – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Fluorine
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	0.0017 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	-219.8 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	-188.1 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	0.0279 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.82 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	0.2552 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	3.2698 kJ/mol

Oxygen and Sodium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of oxygen and sodium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Oxygen vs Sodium.

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Oxygen and Sodium – About Elements

Oxygen

Sodium

Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation.

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Sodium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Oxygen and Sodium – Applications

Oxygen

Sodium

Metallic sodium is used mainly for the production of sodium borohydride, sodium azide, indigo, and triphenylphosphine. A once-common use was the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because of the move away from TEL and new titanium production methods. An electric current and sodium vapor combine to form a yellowish glow. This principle is used for the making of sodium vapor lamps. Sodium is occasionally used as a heat exchange medium in nuclear power plants. Liquid sodium is sealed into pipes surrounding the reactor core. Generated heat is absorbed by sodium and forced through the pipes in a heat exchanger which can be used to generate electricity.

Oxygen and Sodium – Comparison in Table

Element	Oxygen	Sodium
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	0.00143 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	-218.4 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	-183 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	0.02674 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.92 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	(O2) 0.444 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	(O2) 6.82 kJ/mol

Nitrogen and Phosphorus – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of nitrogen and phosphorus, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Nitrogen vs Phosphorus.

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Nitrogen and Phosphorus – About Elements

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless unreactive gas that forms about 78% of the earth’s atmosphere. Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (−195.8°C) and is used as a coolant.

Phosphorus

As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. At 0.099%, phosphorus is the most abundant pnictogen in the Earth’s crust.

Nitrogen in Periodic Table

Phosphorus in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Nitrogen and Phosphorus – Applications

Nitrogen

Nitrogen in various chemical forms plays a major role in large number of environmental issues. The applications of nitrogen compounds are naturally extremely widely varied due to the huge size of this class: hence, only applications of pure nitrogen itself will be considered here. Two-thirds of nitrogen produced by industry is sold as the gas and the remaining one-third as the liquid. In metallurgy, nitriding is a case hardening process in which the surface nitrogen concentration of a ferrous is increased by diffusion from the surrounding environment to create case-hardened surface. Nitriding produces hard, highly wear-resistant surface (shallow case depths) of product with fair capacity for contact load, good bending fatigue strength and excellent resistance to seizure. Synthetically produced ammonia and nitrates are key industrial fertilisers, and fertiliser nitrates are key pollutants in the eutrophication of water systems. Apart from its use in fertilisers and energy-stores, nitrogen is a constituent of organic compounds as diverse as Kevlar used in high-strength fabric and cyanoacrylate used in superglue.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus is an essential plant nutrient (the most often limiting nutrient, after nitrogen), and the bulk of all phosphorus production is in concentrated phosphoric acids for agriculture fertilisers, containing as much as 70% to 75% P2O5. The vast majority of phosphorus compounds mined are consumed as fertilisers. Phosphate is needed to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil, and its annual demand is rising nearly twice as fast as the growth of the human population. Other applications include organophosphorus compounds in detergents, pesticides, and nerve agents.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus – Comparison in Table

Element	Nitrogen	Phosphorus
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	1.823 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	44.1 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	280 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	0.235 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.77 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	0.657 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	51.9 kJ/mol

Nitrogen and Oxygen – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of nitrogen and oxygen, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Nitrogen vs Oxygen.

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Nitrogen and Oxygen – About Elements

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen in Periodic Table

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Nitrogen and Oxygen – Applications

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen and Oxygen – Comparison in Table

Element	Nitrogen	Oxygen
Density	0.00125 g/cm3	0.00143 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C	-218.4 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C	-183 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK	0.02674 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	N/A	N/A
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K	0.92 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol	(O2) 0.444 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol	(O2) 6.82 kJ/mol