Material Properties Archivy - Page 33 of 80

Carbon and Bromine – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of carbon and bromine, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Carbon vs Bromine.

carbon and bromine - comparison

Compare carbon with another element

Compare bromine with another element

Carbon and Bromine – About Elements

Carbon

It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen.

Bromine

Bromine is the third-lightest halogen, and is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured gas. Its properties are thus intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine.

Carbon in Periodic Table

Bromine in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Carbon and Bromine – Applications

Carbon

The major economic use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil (petroleum). Graphite and diamonds are two important allotropes of carbon that have wide applications. The uses of carbon and its compounds are extremely varied. It can form alloys with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel. Carbon is a non-metallic element, which is an important alloying element in all ferrous metal based materials. Carbon is always present in metallic alloys, i.e. in all grades of stainless steel and heat resistant alloys. Carbon is a very strong austenitizer and increases the strength of steel. In fact, it is the principal hardening element and is essential to the formation of cementite, Fe3C, pearlite, spheroidite, and iron-carbon martensite. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great ductility for the greater strength. Graphite is combined with clays to form the ‘lead’ used in pencils used for writing and drawing. It is also used as a lubricant and a pigment, as a molding material in glass manufacture, in electrodes for dry batteries and in electroplating and electroforming, in brushes for electric motors and as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors. Charcoal has been used since earliest times for a large range of purposes including art and medicine, but by far its most important use has been as a metallurgical fuel. Carbon fibers are used where low weight, high stiffness, high conductivity, or where the look of the carbon fiber weave desired.

Bromine

A wide variety of organobromine compounds are used in industry. Some are prepared from bromine and others are prepared from hydrogen bromide, which is obtained by burning hydrogen in bromine. Brominated flame retardants represent a commodity of growing importance, and make up the largest commercial use of bromine. One of the major uses of bromine is a water purifier/disinfectant, as an alternative to chlorine. Bromine compounds are effective pesticides, used both as soil fumigants in agriculture, particularly fruit-growing, and as a fumigant to prevent pests from attacking stored grain and other produce.

Carbon and Bromine – Comparison in Table

Element	Carbon	Bromine
Density	2.26 g/cm3	3.12 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	15 MPa (graphite); 3500 MPa (carbon fiber)	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.1 GPa (graphite); 228 GPa (carbon fiber)	N/A
Mohs Scale	0.8 (graphite)	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	4099 °C	-7.3 °C
Boiling Point	4527 °C	59 °C
Thermal Conductivity	129 W/mK	0.122 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	0.8 µm/mK	N/A
Specific Heat	0.71 J/g K	0.473 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	N/A	5.286 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	355.8 kJ/mol	15.438 kJ/mol

Carbon and Chlorine – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-06 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of carbon and chlorine, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Carbon vs Chlorine.

carbon and chlorine - comparison

Compare carbon with another element

Compare chlorine with another element

Carbon and Chlorine – About Elements

Carbon

Chlorine

Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity, behind only oxygen and fluorine.

Carbon in Periodic Table

Chlorine in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Carbon and Chlorine – Applications

Carbon

Chlorine

Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), many intermediates for the production of plastics, and other end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them sanitary. While perhaps best known for its role in providing clean drinking water, chlorine chemistry also helps provide energy-efficient building materials, electronics, fiber optics, solar energy cells, 93 percent of life-saving pharmaceuticals, 86 percent of crop protection compounds, medical plastics, and much more.

Carbon and Chlorine – Comparison in Table

Element	Carbon	Chlorine
Density	2.26 g/cm3	0.0032 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	15 MPa (graphite); 3500 MPa (carbon fiber)	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.1 GPa (graphite); 228 GPa (carbon fiber)	N/A
Mohs Scale	0.8 (graphite)	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	4099 °C	-101 °C
Boiling Point	4527 °C	-34.6 °C
Thermal Conductivity	129 W/mK	0.0089 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	0.8 µm/mK	N/A
Specific Heat	0.71 J/g K	0.48 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	N/A	3.23 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	355.8 kJ/mol	10.2 kJ/mol

Carbon and Iron – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-062021-01-05 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of carbon and iron, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Carbon vs Iron.

carbon and iron - comparison

Compare carbon with another element

Compare iron with another element

Carbon and Iron – About Elements

Carbon

Iron

Iron is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars.

Carbon in Periodic Table

Iron in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Carbon and Iron – Applications

Carbon

Iron

Iron is used in numerous sectors such as electronics, manufacturing, automotive, and construction and building. Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for over 90% of worldwide metal produc0tion. Its low cost and high strength often make it the material of choice material to withstand stress or transmit forces, such as the construction of machinery and machine tools, rails, automobiles, ship hulls, concrete reinforcing bars, and the load-carrying framework of buildings. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly combined with alloying elements to make steel. Steels are iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great ductility for the greater strength. Due to its very-high strength, but still substantial toughness, and its ability to be greatly altered by heat treatment, steel is one of the most useful and common ferrous alloy in modern use. There are thousands of alloys that have different compositions and/or heat treatments. The mechanical properties are sensitive to the content of carbon, which is normally less than 1.0 wt%.

Carbon and Iron – Comparison in Table

Element	Carbon	Iron
Density	2.26 g/cm3	7.874 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	15 MPa (graphite); 3500 MPa (carbon fiber)	540 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	50 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.1 GPa (graphite); 228 GPa (carbon fiber)	211 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.8 (graphite)	4.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A	490 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	608 MPa
Melting Point	4099 °C	1538 °C
Boiling Point	4527 °C	2861 °C
Thermal Conductivity	129 W/mK	80.2 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	0.8 µm/mK	11.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.71 J/g K	0.44 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	N/A	13.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	355.8 kJ/mol	349.6 kJ/mol

Carbon and Aluminium – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-05 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of carbon and aluminium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Carbon vs Aluminium.

carbon and aluminium - comparison

Compare carbon with another element

Compare aluminium with another element

Carbon and Aluminium – About Elements

Carbon

Aluminium

Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth’s crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below.

Carbon in Periodic Table

Aluminium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Carbon and Aluminium – Applications

Carbon

Aluminium

Aluminium and its alloys are used widely in aerospace, automotive, architectural, lithographic, packaging, electrical and electronic applications. It is the prime material of construction for the aircraft industry throughout most of its history. About 70% of commercial civil aircraft airframes are made from aluminium alloys, and without aluminium civil aviation would not be economically viable. Automotive industry now includes aluminium as engine castings, wheels, radiators and increasingly as body parts. 6111 aluminium and 2008 aluminium alloy are extensively used for external automotive body panels. Cylinder blocks and crankcases are often cast made of aluminium alloys.

Carbon and Aluminium – Comparison in Table

Element	Carbon	Aluminium
Density	2.26 g/cm3	2.7 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	15 MPa (graphite); 3500 MPa (carbon fiber)	90 MPa (pure), 600 MPa (alloys)
Yield Strength	N/A	11 MPa (pure), 400 MPa (alloys)
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.1 GPa (graphite); 228 GPa (carbon fiber)	70 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.8 (graphite)	2.8
Brinell Hardness	N/A	240 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	167 MPa
Melting Point	4099 °C	660 °C
Boiling Point	4527 °C	2467 °C
Thermal Conductivity	129 W/mK	237 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	0.8 µm/mK	23.1 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.71 J/g K	0.9 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	N/A	10.79 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	355.8 kJ/mol	293.4 kJ/mol

Carbon and Oxygen – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-05 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of carbon and oxygen, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Carbon vs Oxygen.

carbon and oxygen - comparison

Compare carbon with another element

Compare oxygen with another element

Carbon and Oxygen – About Elements

Carbon

Oxygen

Oxygen is a colourless, odourless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.

Carbon in Periodic Table

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Carbon and Oxygen – Applications

Carbon

Oxygen

Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving. Smelting of iron ore into steel consumes 55% of commercially produced oxygen. In this process, oxygen is injected through a high-pressure lance into molten iron, which removes sulfur impurities and excess carbon as the respective oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Uptake of oxygen from the air is the essential purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient’s blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart.

Carbon and Oxygen – Comparison in Table

Element	Carbon	Oxygen
Density	2.26 g/cm3	0.00143 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	15 MPa (graphite); 3500 MPa (carbon fiber)	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.1 GPa (graphite); 228 GPa (carbon fiber)	N/A
Mohs Scale	0.8 (graphite)	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	4099 °C	-218.4 °C
Boiling Point	4527 °C	-183 °C
Thermal Conductivity	129 W/mK	0.02674 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	0.8 µm/mK	N/A
Specific Heat	0.71 J/g K	0.92 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	N/A	(O2) 0.444 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	355.8 kJ/mol	(O2) 6.82 kJ/mol

Carbon and Nitrogen – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-05 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of carbon and nitrogen, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Carbon vs Nitrogen.

carbon and nitrogen - comparison

Compare carbon with another element

Compare nitrogen with another element

Carbon and Nitrogen – About Elements

Carbon

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless unreactive gas that forms about 78% of the earth’s atmosphere. Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (−195.8°C) and is used as a coolant.

Carbon in Periodic Table

Nitrogen in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Carbon and Nitrogen – Applications

Carbon

Nitrogen

Nitrogen in various chemical forms plays a major role in large number of environmental issues. The applications of nitrogen compounds are naturally extremely widely varied due to the huge size of this class: hence, only applications of pure nitrogen itself will be considered here. Two-thirds of nitrogen produced by industry is sold as the gas and the remaining one-third as the liquid. In metallurgy, nitriding is a case hardening process in which the surface nitrogen concentration of a ferrous is increased by diffusion from the surrounding environment to create case-hardened surface. Nitriding produces hard, highly wear-resistant surface (shallow case depths) of product with fair capacity for contact load, good bending fatigue strength and excellent resistance to seizure. Synthetically produced ammonia and nitrates are key industrial fertilisers, and fertiliser nitrates are key pollutants in the eutrophication of water systems. Apart from its use in fertilisers and energy-stores, nitrogen is a constituent of organic compounds as diverse as Kevlar used in high-strength fabric and cyanoacrylate used in superglue.

Carbon and Nitrogen – Comparison in Table

Element	Carbon	Nitrogen
Density	2.26 g/cm3	0.00125 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	15 MPa (graphite); 3500 MPa (carbon fiber)	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.1 GPa (graphite); 228 GPa (carbon fiber)	N/A
Mohs Scale	0.8 (graphite)	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	4099 °C	-209.9 °C
Boiling Point	4527 °C	-195.8 °C
Thermal Conductivity	129 W/mK	0.02598 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	0.8 µm/mK	N/A
Specific Heat	0.71 J/g K	1.04 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	N/A	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	355.8 kJ/mol	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol

Boron and Silicon – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-05 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of boron and silicon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Boron vs Silicon.

boron and silicon - comparison

Compare boron with another element

Compare silicon with another element

Boron and Silicon – About Elements

Boron

Significant concentrations of boron occur on the Earth in compounds known as the borate minerals. There are over 100 different borate minerals, but the most common are: borax, kernite, ulexite etc. Natural boron consists primarily of two stable isotopes, 11B (80.1%) and 10B (19.9%). In nuclear industry boron is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to the high neutron cross-section of isotope 10B. Its (n,alpha) reaction cross-section for thermal neutrons is about 3840 barns (for 0.025 eV neutron). Isotope 11B has absorption cross-section for thermal neutrons about 0.005 barns (for 0.025 eV neutron). Most of (n,alpha) reactions of thermal neutrons are 10B(n,alpha)7Li reactions accompanied by 0.48 MeV gamma emission.

Silicon

Silicon is a hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor.

Boron in Periodic Table

Silicon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Boron and Silicon – Applications

Boron

Nearly all boron ore extracted from the Earth is destined for refinement into boric acid and sodium tetraborate pentahydrate. In the United States, 70% of the boron is used for the production of glass and ceramics. The major global industrial-scale use of boron compounds (about 46% of end-use) is in production of glass fiber for boron-containing insulating and structural fiberglasses, especially in Asia. Boron is added to boron steels at the level of a few parts per million to increase hardenability. Higher percentages are added to steels used in the nuclear industry due to boron’s neutron absorption ability (e.g. pellets of Boron Carbide). Boron can also increase the surface hardness of steels and alloys through boriding. Boron carbide and cubic boron nitride powders are widely used as abrasives.

Silicon

Most silicon is used industrially without being purified, and indeed, often with comparatively little processing from its natural form. Silicon is a vital ingredient in aluminum, steel, and iron alloys. It is added as a fluxing agent for copper alloys. In the form of clay and sand, it is used to manufacture bricks and concrete; it is a valuable refractory material for high-temperature work, for example, molding sands for castings in foundry applications. Silica is used to make fire brick, a type of ceramic. Silicate minerals are also in whiteware ceramics, an important class of products usually containing various types of fired clay minerals (natural aluminium phyllosilicates). An example is porcelain, which is based on the silicate mineral kaolinite. Traditional glass (silica-based soda-lime glass) also functions in many of the same ways, and also is used for windows and containers. Hyperpure silicon metal and doped hyperpure silicon (doping with boron, phosphorous, gallium, or arsenic) are used in solar cells, transistors and semiconductors.

Boron and Silicon – Comparison in Table

Element	Boron	Silicon
Density	2.46 g/cm3	2.33 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	170 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	165 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	150 GPa
Mohs Scale	9.5	7
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	49000 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	2079 °C	1410 °C
Boiling Point	3927 °C	3265 °C
Thermal Conductivity	27 W/mK	148 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	5-7 µm/mK	2.6 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K	0.71 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	50.2 kJ/mol	50.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	508 kJ/mol	384.22 kJ/mol

Boron and Chlorine – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-05 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of boron and chlorine, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Boron vs Chlorine.

boron and chlorine - comparison

Compare boron with another element

Compare chlorine with another element

Boron and Chlorine – About Elements

Boron

Chlorine

Boron in Periodic Table

Chlorine in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Boron and Chlorine – Applications

Boron

Chlorine

Boron and Chlorine – Comparison in Table

Element	Boron	Chlorine
Density	2.46 g/cm3	0.0032 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	9.5	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	49000 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	2079 °C	-101 °C
Boiling Point	3927 °C	-34.6 °C
Thermal Conductivity	27 W/mK	0.0089 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	5-7 µm/mK	N/A
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K	0.48 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	50.2 kJ/mol	3.23 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	508 kJ/mol	10.2 kJ/mol

Boron and Nitrogen – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-05 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of boron and nitrogen, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Boron vs Nitrogen.

boron and nitrogen - comparison

Compare boron with another element

Compare nitrogen with another element

Boron and Nitrogen – About Elements

Boron

Nitrogen

Boron in Periodic Table

Nitrogen in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Boron and Nitrogen – Applications

Boron

Nitrogen

Boron and Nitrogen – Comparison in Table

Element	Boron	Nitrogen
Density	2.46 g/cm3	0.00125 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	9.5	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	49000 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	2079 °C	-209.9 °C
Boiling Point	3927 °C	-195.8 °C
Thermal Conductivity	27 W/mK	0.02598 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	5-7 µm/mK	N/A
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K	1.04 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	50.2 kJ/mol	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	508 kJ/mol	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol

Boron and Carbon – Comparison – Properties

2021-01-05 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of boron and carbon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Boron vs Carbon.

boron and carbon - comparison

Compare boron with another element

Compare carbon with another element

Boron and Carbon – About Elements

Boron

Carbon

Boron in Periodic Table

Carbon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Boron and Carbon – Applications

Boron

Carbon

Boron and Carbon – Comparison in Table

Element	Boron	Carbon
Density	2.46 g/cm3	2.26 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	15 MPa (graphite); 3500 MPa (carbon fiber)
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	4.1 GPa (graphite); 228 GPa (carbon fiber)
Mohs Scale	9.5	0.8 (graphite)
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	49000 MPa	N/A
Melting Point	2079 °C	4099 °C
Boiling Point	3927 °C	4527 °C
Thermal Conductivity	27 W/mK	129 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	5-7 µm/mK	0.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K	0.71 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	50.2 kJ/mol	N/A
Heat of Vaporization	508 kJ/mol	355.8 kJ/mol