Material Properties Archivy - Page 36 of 80

Helium and Nitrogen – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-02 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of helium and nitrogen, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Helium vs Nitrogen.

helium and nitrogen - comparison

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Helium and Nitrogen – About Elements

Helium

It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless unreactive gas that forms about 78% of the earth’s atmosphere. Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (−195.8°C) and is used as a coolant.

Helium in Periodic Table

Nitrogen in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Helium and Nitrogen – Applications

Helium

Helium is used for many purposes that require some of its unique properties, such as its low boiling point, low density, low solubility, high thermal conductivity, or inertness. Of the 2014 world helium total production of about 32 million kg (180 million standard cubic meters) helium per year, the largest use (about 32% of the total in 2014) is in cryogenic applications, most of which involves cooling the superconducting magnets in medical MRI scanners and NMR spectrometers. Most clinical magnets are superconducting magnets, which require liquid helium to keep them very cold.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen in various chemical forms plays a major role in large number of environmental issues. The applications of nitrogen compounds are naturally extremely widely varied due to the huge size of this class: hence, only applications of pure nitrogen itself will be considered here. Two-thirds of nitrogen produced by industry is sold as the gas and the remaining one-third as the liquid. In metallurgy, nitriding is a case hardening process in which the surface nitrogen concentration of a ferrous is increased by diffusion from the surrounding environment to create case-hardened surface. Nitriding produces hard, highly wear-resistant surface (shallow case depths) of product with fair capacity for contact load, good bending fatigue strength and excellent resistance to seizure. Synthetically produced ammonia and nitrates are key industrial fertilisers, and fertiliser nitrates are key pollutants in the eutrophication of water systems. Apart from its use in fertilisers and energy-stores, nitrogen is a constituent of organic compounds as diverse as Kevlar used in high-strength fabric and cyanoacrylate used in superglue.

Helium and Nitrogen – Comparison in Table

Helium

Element	Helium	Nitrogen
Density	0.00018 g/cm3	0.00125 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-272.2 °C	-209.9 °C
Boiling Point	-268.9 °C	-195.8 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1513 W/mK	0.02598 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	5.193 J/g K	1.04 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.0138 kJ/mol	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.0845 kJ/mol	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol

Helium and Neon – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-02 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of helium and neon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Helium vs Neon.

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Helium and Neon – About Elements

Helium

It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements.

Neon

Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air.

Helium in Periodic Table

Neon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Helium and Neon – Applications

Helium

Neon

Neon is often used in signs and produces an unmistakable bright reddish-orange light. Although tube lights with other colors are often called “neon”, they use different noble gases or varied colors of fluorescent lighting. Neon is also used to make high-voltage indicators and switching gear, lightning arresters, diving equipment and lasers. Liquid neon is an important cryogenic refrigerant. It has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity per unit volume than liquid helium, and more than 3 times that of liquid hydrogen

Helium and Neon – Comparison in Table

Helium

Element	Helium	Neon
Density	0.00018 g/cm3	0.0009 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-272.2 °C	-248 °C
Boiling Point	-268.9 °C	-248.7 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1513 W/mK	0.0493 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	5.193 J/g K	0.904 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.0138 kJ/mol	0.3317 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.0845 kJ/mol	1.7326 kJ/mol

Helium and Oxygen – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-02 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of helium and oxygen, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Helium vs Oxygen.

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Helium and Oxygen – About Elements

Helium

It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements.

Oxygen

Oxygen is a colourless, odourless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.

Helium in Periodic Table

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Helium and Oxygen – Applications

Helium

Oxygen

Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving. Smelting of iron ore into steel consumes 55% of commercially produced oxygen. In this process, oxygen is injected through a high-pressure lance into molten iron, which removes sulfur impurities and excess carbon as the respective oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Uptake of oxygen from the air is the essential purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient’s blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart.

Helium and Oxygen – Comparison in Table

Helium

Element	Helium	Oxygen
Density	0.00018 g/cm3	0.00143 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-272.2 °C	-218.4 °C
Boiling Point	-268.9 °C	-183 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1513 W/mK	0.02674 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	5.193 J/g K	0.92 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.0138 kJ/mol	(O2) 0.444 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.0845 kJ/mol	(O2) 6.82 kJ/mol

Helium and Argon – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-02 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of helium and argon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Helium vs Argon.

helium and argon - comparison

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Helium and Argon – About Elements

Helium

It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements.

Argon

Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the Earth’s atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). It is more than twice as abundant as water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), 23 times as abundant as carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as neon (18 ppmv). Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily unreactive substances become reactive; for example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning.

Helium in Periodic Table

Argon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Helium and Argon – Applications

Helium

Argon

The major applications of argon include the following: electric lamps as filler gas, welding purpose, discharge tubes, argon lasers and argon-dye lasers. Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily unreactive substances become reactive; for example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning. Argon is also used in incandescent, fluorescent lighting, and other gas-discharge tubes.

Helium and Argon – Comparison in Table

Helium

Element	Helium	Argon
Density	0.00018 g/cm3	0.00178 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-272.2 °C	-189.2 °C
Boiling Point	-268.9 °C	-185.7 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1513 W/mK	0.01772 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	5.193 J/g K	0.52 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.0138 kJ/mol	1.188 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.0845 kJ/mol	6.447 kJ/mol

Hydrogen and Calcium – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-02 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of hydrogen and calcium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Hydrogen vs Calcium.

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Hydrogen and Calcium – About Elements

Hydrogen

With a standard atomic weight of circa 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.

Calcium

Calcium is an alkaline earth metal, it is a reactive pale yellow metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth’s crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium.

Hydrogen in Periodic Table

Calcium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Hydrogen and Calcium – Applications

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is versatile and can be utilized in various ways. These multiple uses can be grouped into two large categories. Hydrogen as a feedstock. A role whose importance is being recognized for decades and will continue to grow and evolve. The largest single use of hydrogen in the world is in ammonia manufacture, which consumes about two-thirds of the world’s hydrogen production. Hydrogen is versatile and can be utilized in various ways. These multiple uses can be grouped into two large categories. Hydrogen as a feedstock for further chemical processes. A role whose importance is being recognized for decades and will continue to grow and evolve. And hydrogen as an energy carrier. Hydrogen is also commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules.

Calcium

The largest use of metallic calcium is in steelmaking, due to its strong chemical affinity for oxygen and sulfur. Its oxides and sulfides, once formed, give liquid lime aluminate and sulfide inclusions in steel which float out. Calcium compounds are used as manufacture of insecticides, paints, blackboard chalk, textile and fireworks.

Hydrogen and Calcium – Comparison in Table

Element	Hydrogen	Calcium
Density	0.00009 g/cm3	1.55 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	110 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	20 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	1.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A	170 – 400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-259.1 °C	842 °C
Boiling Point	-252.9 °C	1484 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1805 W/mK	200 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK	22.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	14.304 J/g K	0.63 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.05868 kJ/mol	8.54 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.44936 kJ/mol	153.3 kJ/mol

Hydrogen and Sodium – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-01 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of hydrogen and sodium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Hydrogen vs Sodium.

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Hydrogen and Sodium – About Elements

Hydrogen

Sodium

Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation.

Hydrogen in Periodic Table

Sodium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Hydrogen and Sodium – Applications

Hydrogen

Sodium

Metallic sodium is used mainly for the production of sodium borohydride, sodium azide, indigo, and triphenylphosphine. A once-common use was the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because of the move away from TEL and new titanium production methods. An electric current and sodium vapor combine to form a yellowish glow. This principle is used for the making of sodium vapor lamps. Sodium is occasionally used as a heat exchange medium in nuclear power plants. Liquid sodium is sealed into pipes surrounding the reactor core. Generated heat is absorbed by sodium and forced through the pipes in a heat exchanger which can be used to generate electricity.

Hydrogen and Sodium – Comparison in Table

Element	Hydrogen	Sodium
Density	0.00009 g/cm3	0.968 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	10 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	0.4
Brinell Hardness	N/A	0.69 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-259.1 °C	97.8 °C
Boiling Point	-252.9 °C	883 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1805 W/mK	141 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK	71 µm/mK
Specific Heat	14.304 J/g K	1.23 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.05868 kJ/mol	2.598 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.44936 kJ/mol	96.96 kJ/mol

Hydrogen and Fluorine – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-012020-12-01 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of hydrogen and fluorine, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Hydrogen vs Fluorine.

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Hydrogen and Fluorine – About Elements

Hydrogen

Fluorine

Fluorine is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.

Hydrogen in Periodic Table

Fluorine in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Hydrogen and Fluorine – Applications

Hydrogen

Fluorine

Owing to the expense of refining pure fluorine, most commercial applications use fluorine compounds, with about half of mined fluorite used in steelmaking. The rest of the fluorite is converted into corrosive hydrogen fluoride en route to various organic fluorides, or into cryolite, which plays a key role in aluminium refining. Most commercial uranium enrichment processes (gaseous diffusion and the gas centrifuge method) require the uranium to be in a gaseous form, therefore the uranium oxide concentrate must be first converted to uranium hexafluoride, which is a gas at relatively low temperatures. Molecules containing a carbon–fluorine bond often have very high chemical and thermal stability; their major uses are as refrigerants, electrical insulation and cookware, the last as PTFE (Teflon).

Hydrogen and Fluorine – Comparison in Table

Element	Hydrogen	Fluorine
Density	0.00009 g/cm3	0.0017 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-259.1 °C	-219.8 °C
Boiling Point	-252.9 °C	-188.1 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1805 W/mK	0.0279 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	14.304 J/g K	0.82 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.05868 kJ/mol	0.2552 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.44936 kJ/mol	3.2698 kJ/mol

Hydrogen and Nitrogen – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-012020-12-01 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of hydrogen and nitrogen, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Hydrogen vs Nitrogen.

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Hydrogen and Nitrogen – About Elements

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Hydrogen in Periodic Table

Nitrogen in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Hydrogen and Nitrogen – Applications

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Hydrogen and Nitrogen – Comparison in Table

Element	Hydrogen	Nitrogen
Density	0.00009 g/cm3	0.00125 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-259.1 °C	-209.9 °C
Boiling Point	-252.9 °C	-195.8 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1805 W/mK	0.02598 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	14.304 J/g K	1.04 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.05868 kJ/mol	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.44936 kJ/mol	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol

Hydrogen and Lithium – Comparison – Properties

2021-09-082020-12-01 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of hydrogen and lithium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Hydrogen vs Lithium.

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Hydrogen and Lithium – About Elements

Hydrogen

Lithium

It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and is stored in mineral oil.

Hydrogen in Periodic Table

Lithium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Hydrogen and Lithium – Applications

Hydrogen

Lithium

Lithium has many applications, from lubricating grease, alloying additions in particular for aluminium and magnesium alloys, to glazes for ceramics, and finally, lithium batteries. In particular, lithium is and will continue to play an increasingly important role in the battery-powered clean air future. Lithium batteries are widely used in portable consumer electronic devices, and in electric vehicles ranging from full sized vehicles to radio controlled toys. The term “lithium battery” refers to a family of different lithium-metal chemistries, comprising many types of cathodes and electrolytes but all with metallic lithium as the anode.

Hydrogen and Lithium – Comparison in Table

Element	Hydrogen	Lithium
Density	0.00009 g/cm3	0.535 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	1.5 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	4.9 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	0.6
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	167 MPa
Melting Point	-259.1 °C	180.5 °C
Boiling Point	-252.9 °C	1342 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1805 W/mK	85 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK	46 µm/mK
Specific Heat	14.304 J/g K	3.6 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.05868 kJ/mol	3 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.44936 kJ/mol	145.92 kJ/mol

Hydrogen and Aluminium – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-012020-12-01 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of hydrogen and aluminium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Hydrogen vs Aluminium.

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Hydrogen and Aluminium – About Elements

Hydrogen

Aluminium

Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth’s crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below.

Hydrogen in Periodic Table

Aluminium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Hydrogen and Aluminium – Applications

Hydrogen

Aluminium

Aluminium and its alloys are used widely in aerospace, automotive, architectural, lithographic, packaging, electrical and electronic applications. It is the prime material of construction for the aircraft industry throughout most of its history. About 70% of commercial civil aircraft airframes are made from aluminium alloys, and without aluminium civil aviation would not be economically viable. Automotive industry now includes aluminium as engine castings, wheels, radiators and increasingly as body parts. 6111 aluminium and 2008 aluminium alloy are extensively used for external automotive body panels. Cylinder blocks and crankcases are often cast made of aluminium alloys.

Hydrogen and Aluminium – Comparison in Table

Element	Hydrogen	Aluminium
Density	0.00009 g/cm3	2.7 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	90 MPa (pure), 600 MPa (alloys)
Yield Strength	N/A	11 MPa (pure), 400 MPa (alloys)
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	70 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A	2.8
Brinell Hardness	N/A	240 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	167 MPa
Melting Point	-259.1 °C	660 °C
Boiling Point	-252.9 °C	2467 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1805 W/mK	237 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK	23.1 µm/mK
Specific Heat	14.304 J/g K	0.9 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.05868 kJ/mol	10.79 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.44936 kJ/mol	293.4 kJ/mol