Material Properties Archivy - Page 35 of 80

Lithium and Phosphorus – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-03 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of lithium and phosphorus, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Lithium vs Phosphorus.

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Lithium and Phosphorus – About Elements

Lithium

It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and is stored in mineral oil.

Phosphorus

As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. At 0.099%, phosphorus is the most abundant pnictogen in the Earth’s crust.

Lithium in Periodic Table

Phosphorus in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Lithium and Phosphorus – Applications

Lithium

Lithium has many applications, from lubricating grease, alloying additions in particular for aluminium and magnesium alloys, to glazes for ceramics, and finally, lithium batteries. In particular, lithium is and will continue to play an increasingly important role in the battery-powered clean air future. Lithium batteries are widely used in portable consumer electronic devices, and in electric vehicles ranging from full sized vehicles to radio controlled toys. The term “lithium battery” refers to a family of different lithium-metal chemistries, comprising many types of cathodes and electrolytes but all with metallic lithium as the anode.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus is an essential plant nutrient (the most often limiting nutrient, after nitrogen), and the bulk of all phosphorus production is in concentrated phosphoric acids for agriculture fertilisers, containing as much as 70% to 75% P2O5. The vast majority of phosphorus compounds mined are consumed as fertilisers. Phosphate is needed to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil, and its annual demand is rising nearly twice as fast as the growth of the human population. Other applications include organophosphorus compounds in detergents, pesticides, and nerve agents.

Lithium and Phosphorus – Comparison in Table

Element	Lithium	Phosphorus
Density	0.535 g/cm3	1.823 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1.5 MPa	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.9 GPa	N/A
Mohs Scale	0.6	0.5
Brinell Hardness	5 MPa	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	180.5 °C	44.1 °C
Boiling Point	1342 °C	280 °C
Thermal Conductivity	85 W/mK	0.235 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	46 µm/mK	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	3.6 J/g K	0.77 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	3 kJ/mol	0.657 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	145.92 kJ/mol	51.9 kJ/mol

Lithium and Nitrogen – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-03 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of lithium and nitrogen, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Lithium vs Nitrogen.

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Lithium and Nitrogen – About Elements

Lithium

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless unreactive gas that forms about 78% of the earth’s atmosphere. Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (−195.8°C) and is used as a coolant.

Lithium in Periodic Table

Nitrogen in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Lithium and Nitrogen – Applications

Lithium

Nitrogen

Nitrogen in various chemical forms plays a major role in large number of environmental issues. The applications of nitrogen compounds are naturally extremely widely varied due to the huge size of this class: hence, only applications of pure nitrogen itself will be considered here. Two-thirds of nitrogen produced by industry is sold as the gas and the remaining one-third as the liquid. In metallurgy, nitriding is a case hardening process in which the surface nitrogen concentration of a ferrous is increased by diffusion from the surrounding environment to create case-hardened surface. Nitriding produces hard, highly wear-resistant surface (shallow case depths) of product with fair capacity for contact load, good bending fatigue strength and excellent resistance to seizure. Synthetically produced ammonia and nitrates are key industrial fertilisers, and fertiliser nitrates are key pollutants in the eutrophication of water systems. Apart from its use in fertilisers and energy-stores, nitrogen is a constituent of organic compounds as diverse as Kevlar used in high-strength fabric and cyanoacrylate used in superglue.

Lithium and Nitrogen – Comparison in Table

Element	Lithium	Nitrogen
Density	0.535 g/cm3	0.00125 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1.5 MPa	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.9 GPa	N/A
Mohs Scale	0.6	N/A
Brinell Hardness	5 MPa	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	180.5 °C	-209.9 °C
Boiling Point	1342 °C	-195.8 °C
Thermal Conductivity	85 W/mK	0.02598 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	46 µm/mK	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	3.6 J/g K	1.04 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	3 kJ/mol	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	145.92 kJ/mol	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol

Lithium and Oxygen – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-03 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of lithium and oxygen, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Lithium vs Oxygen.

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Lithium and Oxygen – About Elements

Lithium

Oxygen

Oxygen is a colourless, odourless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium..

Lithium in Periodic Table

Oxygen in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Lithium and Oxygen – Applications

Lithium

Oxygen

Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving. Smelting of iron ore into steel consumes 55% of commercially produced oxygen. In this process, oxygen is injected through a high-pressure lance into molten iron, which removes sulfur impurities and excess carbon as the respective oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Uptake of oxygen from the air is the essential purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient’s blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart.

Lithium and Oxygen – Comparison in Table

Element	Lithium	Oxygen
Density	0.535 g/cm3	0.00143 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1.5 MPa	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.9 GPa	N/A
Mohs Scale	0.6	N/A
Brinell Hardness	5 MPa	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	180.5 °C	-218.4 °C
Boiling Point	1342 °C	-183 °C
Thermal Conductivity	85 W/mK	0.02674 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	46 µm/mK	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	3.6 J/g K	0.92 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	3 kJ/mol	(O2) 0.444 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	145.92 kJ/mol	(O2) 6.82 kJ/mol

Lithium and Magnesium – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-03 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of lithium and magnesium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Lithium vs Magnesium.

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Lithium and Magnesium – About Elements

Lithium

Magnesium

Magnesium is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure.

Lithium in Periodic Table

Magnesium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Lithium and Magnesium – Applications

Lithium

Magnesium

Magnesium is the third-most-commonly-used structural metal, following iron and aluminium.[35] The main applications of magnesium are, in order: aluminium alloys, die-casting (alloyed with zinc), removing sulfur in the production of iron and steel, and the production of titanium in the Kroll process. Magnesium alloys are used in a wide variety of structural and nonstructural applications. Structural applications include automotive, industrial, materials-handling, commercial, and aerospace equipment. Magnesium alloys are used for parts that operate at high speeds and thus must be light weight to minimize inertial forces. Commercial applications include hand-held tools, laptops, luggage, and ladders, automobiles (e.g., steering wheels and columns, seat frames, transmission cases). Magnox (alloy), whose name is an abbreviation for “magnesium non-oxidizing”, is 99% magnesium and 1% aluminum, and is used in the cladding of fuel rods in magnox nuclear power reactors.

Lithium and Magnesium – Comparison in Table

Element	Lithium	Magnesium
Density	0.535 g/cm3	1.738 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1.5 MPa	200 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.9 GPa	45 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.6	2.5
Brinell Hardness	5 MPa	260 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	180.5 °C	649 °C
Boiling Point	1342 °C	1090 °C
Thermal Conductivity	85 W/mK	156 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	46 µm/mK	24.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	3.6 J/g K	1.02 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	3 kJ/mol	8.954 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	145.92 kJ/mol	127.4 kJ/mol

Lithium and Aluminium – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-03 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of lithium and aluminium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Lithium vs Aluminium.

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Lithium and Aluminium – About Elements

Lithium

Aluminium

Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth’s crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below.

Lithium in Periodic Table

Aluminium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Lithium and Aluminium – Applications

Lithium

Aluminium

Aluminium and its alloys are used widely in aerospace, automotive, architectural, lithographic, packaging, electrical and electronic applications. It is the prime material of construction for the aircraft industry throughout most of its history. About 70% of commercial civil aircraft airframes are made from aluminium alloys, and without aluminium civil aviation would not be economically viable. Automotive industry now includes aluminium as engine castings, wheels, radiators and increasingly as body parts. 6111 aluminium and 2008 aluminium alloy are extensively used for external automotive body panels. Cylinder blocks and crankcases are often cast made of aluminium alloys.

Lithium and Aluminium – Comparison in Table

Element	Lithium	Aluminium
Density	0.535 g/cm3	2.7 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1.5 MPa	90 MPa (pure), 600 MPa (alloys)
Yield Strength	N/A	11 MPa (pure), 400 MPa (alloys)
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.9 GPa	70 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.6	2.8
Brinell Hardness	5 MPa	240 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	167 MPa
Melting Point	180.5 °C	660 °C
Boiling Point	1342 °C	2467 °C
Thermal Conductivity	85 W/mK	237 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	46 µm/mK	23.1 µm/mK
Specific Heat	3.6 J/g K	0.9 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	3 kJ/mol	10.79 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	145.92 kJ/mol	293.4 kJ/mol

Lithium and Cobalt – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-03 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of lithium and cobalt, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Lithium vs Cobalt.

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Lithium and Cobalt – About Elements

Lithium

Cobalt

Cobalt is found in the Earth’s crust only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal.

Lithium in Periodic Table

Cobalt in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Lithium and Cobalt – Applications

Lithium

Cobalt

Cobalt has been used in many industrial, commercial, and military applications. Cobalt is primarily used in lithium-ion batteries, and in the manufacture of magnetic, wear-resistant and high-strength alloys. Cobalt-based Superalloys. This class of alloys is relatively new. In 2006, Sato et al. discovered a new phase in the Co–Al–W system. Unlike other superalloys, cobalt-base alloys are characterized by a solid-solution-strengthened austenitic (fcc) matrix in which a small quantity of carbide is distributed. While not used commercially to the extent of Ni-based superalloys, alloying elements found in research Co-based alloys are C, Cr, W, Ni, Ti, Al, Ir, and Ta. They possess better weldability and thermal fatigue resistance as compared to nickel based alloy. Moreover, they have excellent corrosion resistance at high temperatures (980-1100 °C) because of their higher chromium contents. Several cobalt compounds are oxidation catalysts. Typical catalysts are the cobalt carboxylates (known as cobalt soaps). They are also used in paints, varnishes, and inks as “drying agents” through the oxidation of drying oils.

Lithium and Cobalt – Comparison in Table

Element	Lithium	Cobalt
Density	0.535 g/cm3	8.9 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1.5 MPa	800 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	220 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.9 GPa	209 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.6	5
Brinell Hardness	5 MPa	800 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	1040 MPa
Melting Point	180.5 °C	1495 °C
Boiling Point	1342 °C	2927 °C
Thermal Conductivity	85 W/mK	100 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	46 µm/mK	13 µm/mK
Specific Heat	3.6 J/g K	0.42 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	3 kJ/mol	16.19 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	145.92 kJ/mol	376.5 kJ/mol

Lithium and Cadmium – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-03 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of lithium and cadmium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Lithium vs Cadmium.

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Lithium and Cadmium – About Elements

Lithium

Cadmium

Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section.

Lithium in Periodic Table

Cadmium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Lithium and Cadmium – Applications

Lithium

Cadmium

Cadmium is primarily consumed for the production of rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries. In 2009, 86% of cadmium was used in batteries, predominantly in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Other end uses include pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics. Solar cell manufacturing may become another significant market for cadmium in the future. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section.

Lithium and Cadmium – Comparison in Table

Element	Lithium	Cadmium
Density	0.535 g/cm3	8.65 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1.5 MPa	75 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.9 GPa	50 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.6	2
Brinell Hardness	5 MPa	203 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	180.5 °C	321.07 °C
Boiling Point	1342 °C	767 °C
Thermal Conductivity	85 W/mK	97 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	46 µm/mK	30.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	3.6 J/g K	0.23 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	3 kJ/mol	6.192 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	145.92 kJ/mol	99.57 kJ/mol

Lithium and Calcium – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-03 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of lithium and calcium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Lithium vs Calcium.

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Lithium and Calcium – About Elements

Lithium

Calcium

Calcium is an alkaline earth metal, it is a reactive pale yellow metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth’s crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium.

Lithium in Periodic Table

Calcium in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Lithium and Calcium – Applications

Lithium

Calcium

The largest use of metallic calcium is in steelmaking, due to its strong chemical affinity for oxygen and sulfur. Its oxides and sulfides, once formed, give liquid lime aluminate and sulfide inclusions in steel which float out. Calcium compounds are used as manufacture of insecticides, paints, blackboard chalk, textile and fireworks.

Lithium and Calcium – Comparison in Table

Element	Lithium	Calcium
Density	0.535 g/cm3	1.55 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1.5 MPa	110 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.9 GPa	20 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.6	1.5
Brinell Hardness	5 MPa	170 – 400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	180.5 °C	842 °C
Boiling Point	1342 °C	1484 °C
Thermal Conductivity	85 W/mK	200 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	46 µm/mK	22.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	3.6 J/g K	0.63 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	3 kJ/mol	8.54 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	145.92 kJ/mol	153.3 kJ/mol

Lithium and Silicon – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-03 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of lithium and silicon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Lithium vs Silicon.

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Lithium and Silicon – About Elements

Lithium

Silicon

Silicon is a hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor.

Lithium in Periodic Table

Silicon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Lithium and Silicon – Applications

Lithium

Silicon

Most silicon is used industrially without being purified, and indeed, often with comparatively little processing from its natural form. Silicon is a vital ingredient in aluminum, steel, and iron alloys. It is added as a fluxing agent for copper alloys. In the form of clay and sand, it is used to manufacture bricks and concrete; it is a valuable refractory material for high-temperature work, for example, molding sands for castings in foundry applications. Silica is used to make fire brick, a type of ceramic. Silicate minerals are also in whiteware ceramics, an important class of products usually containing various types of fired clay minerals (natural aluminium phyllosilicates). An example is porcelain, which is based on the silicate mineral kaolinite. Traditional glass (silica-based soda-lime glass) also functions in many of the same ways, and also is used for windows and containers. Hyperpure silicon metal and doped hyperpure silicon (doping with boron, phosphorous, gallium, or arsenic) are used in solar cells, transistors and semiconductors.

Lithium and Silicon – Comparison in Table

Element	Lithium	Silicon
Density	0.535 g/cm3	2.33 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1.5 MPa	170 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A	165 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.9 GPa	150 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.6	7
Brinell Hardness	5 MPa	2300 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	180.5 °C	1410 °C
Boiling Point	1342 °C	3265 °C
Thermal Conductivity	85 W/mK	148 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	46 µm/mK	2.6 µm/mK
Specific Heat	3.6 J/g K	0.71 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	3 kJ/mol	50.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	145.92 kJ/mol	384.22 kJ/mol

Helium and Xenon – Comparison – Properties

2020-12-02 by Nick Connor

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of helium and xenon, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both elements. Helium vs Xenon.

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Helium and Xenon – About Elements

Helium

It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements.

Xenon

Xenon is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in the Earth’s atmosphere in trace amounts.[10] Although generally unreactive, xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions. Xenon was first discovered in 1898 by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers. The name xenon for this gas comes from the Greek word ξένον [xenon], neuter singular form of ξένος [xenos], meaning ‘foreign(er)’, ‘strange(r)’, or ‘guest’. In nuclear industry, especially artificial xenon 135 has a tremendous impact on the operation of a nuclear reactor. For physicists and for reactor operators, it is important to understand the mechanisms that produce and remove xenon from the reactor to predict how the reactor will respond following changes in power level.

Helium in Periodic Table

Xenon in Periodic Table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Helium and Xenon – Applications

Helium

Helium is used for many purposes that require some of its unique properties, such as its low boiling point, low density, low solubility, high thermal conductivity, or inertness. Of the 2014 world helium total production of about 32 million kg (180 million standard cubic meters) helium per year, the largest use (about 32% of the total in 2014) is in cryogenic applications, most of which involves cooling the superconducting magnets in medical MRI scanners and NMR spectrometers. Most clinical magnets are superconducting magnets, which require liquid helium to keep them very cold.

Xenon

Xenon is useful in the following applications. The white flash of light produced by xenon makes it suitable for usage in strobe lights and to power ruby lasers. Xenon is used in light-emitting devices called xenon flash lamps, used in photographic flashes and stroboscopic lamps.

Helium and Xenon – Comparison in Table

Helium

Element	Helium	Xenon
Density	0.00018 g/cm3	0.0059 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A	N/A
Melting Point	-272.2 °C	-111.8 °C
Boiling Point	-268.9 °C	-107.1 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1513 W/mK	0.00565 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	5.193 J/g K	0.158 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.0138 kJ/mol	2.297 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.0845 kJ/mol	12.636 kJ/mol