Bismuth – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

About Bismuth

Bismuth is a brittle metal with a silvery white color when freshly produced, but surface oxidation can give it a pink tinge. Bismuth is a pentavalent post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens, chemically resembles its lighter homologs arsenic and antimony.

Summary

Element	Bismuth
Atomic number	83
Element category	Poor Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	9.78 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	4 MPa
Yield Strength	2 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	32 GPa
Mohs Scale	2.5
Brinell Hardness	70 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	271 °C
Boiling Point	1560 °C
Thermal Conductivity	8 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13.4 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.12 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	11.3 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	104.8 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	1290
Magnetic Susceptibility	−280e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Bismuth

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Bismuth were at around 110 $/kg.

n the United States, for example, 733 tonnes of bismuth were consumed in 2016, of which 70% went into chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, pigments, and cosmetics) and 11% into bismuth alloys. The price for pure bismuth metal has been relatively stable through most of the 20th century, except for a spike in the 1970s. Bismuth has always been produced mainly as a byproduct of lead refining, and thus the price usually reflected the cost of recovery and the balance between production and demand.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Bismuth

Strength of Bismuth

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Bismuth

Ultimate tensile strength of Bismuth is 4 MPa.

Yield Strength of Bismuth

Yield strength of Bismuth is 2 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Bismuth

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Bismuth is 2 MPa.

Hardness of Bismuth

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Bismuth is approximately 70 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Bismuth is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Bismuth is has a hardness of approximately 2.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Bismuth – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Bismuth is rhombohedral structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Bismuth

Thermal Properties of Bismuth

Bismuth – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Bismuth is 271°C.

Boiling point of Bismuth is 1560°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Bismuth – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Bismuth is 8 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Bismuth

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Bismuth is 13.4 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Bismuth – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Bismuth is 0.12 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Bismuth is 11.3 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Bismuth is 104.8 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Bismuth – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Bismuth

Electrical resistivity of Bismuth is 1290 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Bismuth conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Bismuth

Magnetic susceptibility of Bismuth is −280e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Bismuth in response to an applied magnetic field.