Elements - Properties - Price - Applications - Production Archivy

Uranium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Uranium

Uranium is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all isotopes of uranium are unstable, with half-lives varying between 159,200 years and 4.5 billion years. Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. Uranium is commonly found at low levels (a few ppm – parts per million) in all rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals (including humans). Uranium occurs also in seawater, and can be recovered from the ocean water. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as uraninite (the most common uranium ore), phosphate rock deposits, and other minerals.

Summary

Element	Uranium
Atomic number	92
Element category	Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	19.05 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	390 MPa
Yield Strength	190 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	208 GPa
Mohs Scale	6
Brinell Hardness	2400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1960 MPa
Melting Point	1132 °C
Boiling Point	4131 °C
Thermal Conductivity	27 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.12 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	8.52 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	417 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	280
Magnetic Susceptibility	N/A

Applications of Uranium

The main use of uranium in the civilian sector is to fuel nuclear power plants. One kilogram of uranium-235 can theoretically produce about 20 terajoules of energy, assuming complete fission; as much energy as 1.5 million kilograms (1,500 tonnes) of coal. Typical reactor may contain about 100 tonnes of enriched uranium (i.e. about 113 tonnes of uranium dioxide). This fuel is loaded within, for example, 157 fuel assemblies composed of over 45,000 fuel rods. A common fuel assembly contain energy for approximately 4 years of operation at full power. The removed fuel (spent nuclear fuel) still contains about 96% of reusable material (it must be removed due to decreasing kinf of an assembly). Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass. Uranium is also used by the military to power nuclear submarines and in nuclear weapons. Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses.[10] Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost. The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter). Depleted uranium is uranium that has much less uranium-235 than natural uranium. It is considerably less radioactive than natural uranium. It is a dense metal that can be used as ballast for ships and counterweights for aircraft. It is also used in ammunition and armour. Depleted uranium can be also used to shield radiation. Depleted uranium is much more effective due to its higher Z. Depleted uranium is used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources. Uranium is used in high-speed steels as an alloying agent to improve strength and toughness. Uranium trioxide (also called uranic oxide) with formula UO3, is an orange-yellow powder and is used as a pigment for ceramics. In glasses it produces a beautiful greenish-yellow “uranium glass”.

Production and Price of Uranium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Uranium were at around N/A $/kg.

Uranium is commonly found at low levels (a few ppm – parts per million) in all rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals (including humans). Uranium occurs also in seawater, and can be recovered from the ocean water. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as uraninite (the most common uranium ore), phosphate rock deposits, and other minerals. Uranium is often found with copper, phosphates, and other minerals; thus, it is often a co-product of other mining operations. The worldwide production of uranium in 2015 amounted to 60496 tonnes. Kazakhstan, Canada, and Australia are the top three producers and together account for 70% of world uranium production. Uranium is commonly found at low levels (a few ppm – parts per million) in all rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals (including humans). Uranium occurs also in seawater, and can be recovered from the ocean water. But only a few of the uranium ores known contain sufficient uranium (greater than 0.1%) to extract commercially. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as uraninite (the most common uranium ore), phosphate rock deposits, and other minerals.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Uranium

Strength of Uranium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Uranium

Ultimate tensile strength of Uranium is 390 MPa.

Yield Strength of Uranium

Yield strength of Uranium is 190 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Uranium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Uranium is 190 MPa.

Hardness of Uranium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Uranium is approximately 2400 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Uranium is approximately 1960 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Uranium is has a hardness of approximately 6.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Uranium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Uranium is orthorhombic structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

Crystal Structure of Uranium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Uranium

Uranium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Uranium is 1132°C.

Boiling point of Uranium is 4131°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Uranium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Uranium is 27 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Uranium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Uranium is 13.9 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Uranium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Uranium is 0.12 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Uranium is 8.52 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Uranium is 417 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Uranium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Uranium

Electrical resistivity of Uranium is 280 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Uranium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Uranium

Magnetic susceptibility of Uranium is N/A.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Uranium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Uranium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Uranium

Thorium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Thorium

Thorium metal is silvery and tarnishes black when exposed to air, forming the dioxide. Thorium is moderately hard, malleable, and has a high melting point. Thorium is a naturally-occurring element and it is estimated to be about three times more abundant than uranium. Thorium is commonly found in monazite sands (rare earth metals containing phosphate mineral).

Summary

Element	Thorium
Atomic number	90
Element category	Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	11.724 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	220 MPa
Yield Strength	144 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	79 GPa
Mohs Scale	3
Brinell Hardness	400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	350 MPa
Melting Point	1750 °C
Boiling Point	4790 °C
Thermal Conductivity	54 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.12 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	13.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	514.4 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	157
Magnetic Susceptibility	+132e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Thorium

Most thorium applications use its dioxide (sometimes called “thoria” in the industry), rather than the metal. This compound has a melting point of 3300 °C (6000 °F), the highest of all known oxides; only a few substances have higher melting points.[46] This helps the compound remain solid in a flame, and it considerably increases the brightness of the flame; this is the main reason thorium is used in gas lamp mantles. All substances emit energy (glow) at high temperatures, but the light emitted by thorium is nearly all in the visible spectrum, hence the brightness of thorium mantles. Thorium is an important alloying agent in magnesium, as it imparts greater strength and creep resistance at high temperatures. Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst. Other uses for thorium include heat-resistant ceramics, aircraft engines, and in light bulbs. Thorium can be used as a source of nuclear power. It is about three times as abundant as uranium and about as abundant as lead, and there is probably more energy available from thorium than from both uranium and fossil fuels. 232Th is a fertile isotope. 232Th is not capable of undergoing fission reaction after absorbing thermal neutron, on the other hand 232Th can be fissioned by fast neutron with energy higher than >1MeV. India and China are in the process of developing nuclear power plants with thorium reactors, but this is still a very new technology. Thorium dioxide was formerly added to glass during manufacture to increase the refractive index, producing thoriated glass for use in high-quality camera lenses.

Production and Price of Thorium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Thorium were at around 30 $/kg.

Thorium is a naturally-occurring element and it is estimated to be about three times more abundant than uranium. Thorium is commonly found in monazite sands (rare earth metals containing phosphate mineral). The current reliance on monazite for production is due to thorium being largely produced as a by-product; other sources such as thorite contain more thorium and could easily be used for production if demand rose.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Thorium

Strength of Thorium

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Thorium

Ultimate tensile strength of Thorium is 220 MPa.

Yield Strength of Thorium

Yield strength of Thorium is 144 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Thorium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Thorium is 144 MPa.

Hardness of Thorium

Brinell hardness of Thorium is approximately 400 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Thorium is approximately 350 MPa.

Thorium is has a hardness of approximately 3.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Thorium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Thorium is face-centered cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Thorium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Thorium

Thorium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Thorium is 1750°C.

Boiling point of Thorium is 4790°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Thorium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Thorium is 54 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Thorium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Thorium is 11 µm/(m·K)

Thorium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Thorium is 0.12 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Thorium is 13.8 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Thorium is 514.4 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Thorium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Thorium

Electrical resistivity of Thorium is 157 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Thorium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Thorium

Magnetic susceptibility of Thorium is +132e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Thorium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Thorium

Bismuth – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-07-122020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Bismuth

Bismuth is a brittle metal with a silvery white color when freshly produced, but surface oxidation can give it a pink tinge. Bismuth is a pentavalent post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens, chemically resembles its lighter homologs arsenic and antimony.

Summary

Element	Bismuth
Atomic number	83
Element category	Poor Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	9.78 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	4 MPa
Yield Strength	2 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	32 GPa
Mohs Scale	2.5
Brinell Hardness	70 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	271 °C
Boiling Point	1560 °C
Thermal Conductivity	8 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13.4 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.12 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	11.3 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	104.8 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	1290
Magnetic Susceptibility	−280e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Bismuth

Bismuth metal is brittle and so it is usually mixed with other metals to make it useful. Its alloys with tin or cadmium have low melting points and are used in fire detectors and extinguishers, electric fuses and solders. Bismuth oxide is used as a yellow pigment for cosmetics and paints. Bismuth alloys are used in soldering, thermocouple materials and magnetic memory devices. Compounds of bismuth are used in lubricating greases, thermoelectric materials, infrared spectrometers. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is sometimes used in cosmetics, as a pigment in paint for eye shadows, hair sprays and nail polishes.

Production and Price of Bismuth

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Bismuth were at around 110 $/kg.

n the United States, for example, 733 tonnes of bismuth were consumed in 2016, of which 70% went into chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, pigments, and cosmetics) and 11% into bismuth alloys. The price for pure bismuth metal has been relatively stable through most of the 20th century, except for a spike in the 1970s. Bismuth has always been produced mainly as a byproduct of lead refining, and thus the price usually reflected the cost of recovery and the balance between production and demand.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Bismuth

Strength of Bismuth

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Bismuth

Ultimate tensile strength of Bismuth is 4 MPa.

Yield Strength of Bismuth

Yield strength of Bismuth is 2 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Bismuth

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Bismuth is 2 MPa.

Hardness of Bismuth

Brinell hardness of Bismuth is approximately 70 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Bismuth is approximately N/A.

Bismuth is has a hardness of approximately 2.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Bismuth – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Bismuth is rhombohedral structure.

Crystal Structure of Bismuth

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Bismuth

Bismuth – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Bismuth is 271°C.

Boiling point of Bismuth is 1560°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Bismuth – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Bismuth is 8 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Bismuth

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Bismuth is 13.4 µm/(m·K)

Bismuth – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Bismuth is 0.12 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Bismuth is 11.3 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Bismuth is 104.8 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Bismuth – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Bismuth

Electrical resistivity of Bismuth is 1290 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Bismuth conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Bismuth

Magnetic susceptibility of Bismuth is −280e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Other properties of Bismuth

Lead – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-07-132020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Lead

Lead is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. Lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and concludes three major decay chains of heavier elements.

Summary

Element	Lead
Atomic number	82
Element category	Poor Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	11.34 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	17 MPa
Yield Strength	5.5 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	16 GPa
Mohs Scale	1.5
Brinell Hardness	38 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	327.5 °C
Boiling Point	1740 °C
Thermal Conductivity	35 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	28.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	4.799 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	177.7 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	208
Magnetic Susceptibility	−23e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Lead

Lead metal has several useful mechanical properties, including high density, low melting point, ductility, and relative inertness. Lead is widely used for car batteries, pigments, ammunition, cable sheathing, weights for lifting, weight belts for diving, lead crystal glass, radiation protection and in some solders. The largest use of lead in the early 21st century is in lead–acid batteries. The lead in batteries undergoes no direct contact with humans, so there are fewer toxicity concerns. Lead is used in high voltage power cables as sheathing material to prevent water diffusion into insulation; this use is decreasing as lead is being phased out. A lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Major advantage of lead shield is in its compactness due to its higher density. On the other hand depleted uranium is much more effective due to its higher Z. Depleted uranium is used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources.

Production and Price of Lead

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Lead were at around 15 $/kg.

As of 2014, production of lead is increasing worldwide due to its use in lead–acid batteries. There are two major categories of production: primary from mined ores, and secondary from scrap. In 2014, 4.58 million metric tons came from primary production and 5.64 million from secondary production. The top three producers of mined lead concentrate in that year were China, Australia, and the United States.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Lead

Strength of Lead

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Lead

Ultimate tensile strength of Lead is 17 MPa.

Yield Strength of Lead

Yield strength of Lead is 5.5 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Lead

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Lead is 5.5 MPa.

Hardness of Lead

Brinell hardness of Lead is approximately 38 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Lead is approximately N/A.

Lead is has a hardness of approximately 1.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Lead – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Lead is face-centered cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Lead

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Lead

Lead – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Lead is 327.5°C.

Boiling point of Lead is 1740°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Lead – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Lead is 35 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Lead

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Lead is 28.9 µm/(m·K)

Lead – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Lead is 0.13 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Lead is 4.799 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Lead is 177.7 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Lead – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Lead

Electrical resistivity of Lead is 208 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Lead conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Lead

Magnetic susceptibility of Lead is −23e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Other properties of Lead

About Platinum

Platinum is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Platinum is one of the least reactive metals. It has remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered a noble metal. Platinum is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry.

Summary

Element	Platinum
Atomic number	78
Element category	Transition Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	21.09 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	150 MPa
Yield Strength	70 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	168 GPa
Mohs Scale	3.5
Brinell Hardness	400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	550 MPa
Melting Point	1772 °C
Boiling Point	3827 °C
Thermal Conductivity	72 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	19.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	510 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	105
Magnetic Susceptibility	+201e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Platinum

Platinum is primarily an industrial metal. It is a critical material for many industries and is considered a strategic metal. Platinum is used as a catalyst, platinum is mostly found in vehicle catalytic converters that reduce toxic exhaust chemicals, and also in fuel cells to increase efficiency. The most common use of platinum is as a catalyst in chemical reactions, often as platinum black. In catalytic converters, platinum allows the complete combustion of low concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Platinum has been used in thermocouple devices that measure temperature with high accuracy. Platinum is a component in magnetic coatings for high-density hard disk drives and some of the newer optical storage systems.

Production and Price of Platinum

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Platinum were at around 31500 $/kg.

Platinum, along with the rest of the platinum-group metals, is obtained commercially as a by-product from nickel and copper mining and processing. During electrorefining of copper, noble metals such as silver, gold and the platinum-group metals as well as selenium and tellurium settle to the bottom of the cell as “anode mud”, which forms the starting point for the extraction of the platinum-group metals. Of the 218 tonnes of platinum sold in 2014, 98 tonnes were used for vehicle emissions control devices (45%), 74.7 tonnes for jewelry (34%), 20.0 tonnes for chemical production and petroleum refining (9.2%), and 5.85 tonnes for electrical applications such as hard disk drives (2.7%). As of 2020, the value of platinum is around $32.00 per gram ($1,000 per troy ounce).

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Platinum

Strength of Platinum

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Platinum

Ultimate tensile strength of Platinum is 150 MPa.

Yield Strength of Platinum

Yield strength of Platinum is 70 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Platinum

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Platinum is 70 MPa.

Hardness of Platinum

Brinell hardness of Platinum is approximately 400 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Platinum is approximately 550 MPa.

Platinum is has a hardness of approximately 3.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Platinum – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Platinum is face-centered cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Platinum

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Platinum

Platinum – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Platinum is 1772°C.

Boiling point of Platinum is 3827°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Platinum – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Platinum is 72 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Platinum

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Platinum is 8.8 µm/(m·K)

Platinum – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Platinum is 0.13 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Platinum is 19.6 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Platinum is 510 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Platinum – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Platinum

Electrical resistivity of Platinum is 105 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Platinum conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.