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Scandium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Scandium-properties-price-application-production

About Scandium

Scandium is a silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare-earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanides.

Summary

Element Scandium
Atomic number 21
Element category Transition Metal
Phase at STP Solid
Density 2.985 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength 200 MPa
Yield Strength N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 74.4 GPa
Mohs Scale N/A
Brinell Hardness 740 – 1200 MPa
Vickers Hardness N/A
Melting Point 1541 °C
Boiling Point 2830 °C
Thermal Conductivity 15.8 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 10.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat 0.6 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 14.1 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 314.2 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 562
Magnetic Susceptibility +315e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Scandium

The main application of scandium by weight is in aluminium-scandium alloys for minor aerospace industry components. These alloys contain between 0.1% and 0.5% of scandium. Sc drastically improves Al alloys, increasing strength, corrosion resistance and weldability.

Scandium-applications

Production and Price of Scandium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Scandium were at around 14000 $/kg.

The world production of scandium is in the order of 15-20 tonnes per year, in the form of scandium oxide. The demand is about 50% higher, and both the production and demand keep increasing. A major source for scandium deposits was the now flooded Ashurst mine in Zhovti Vody outside Kiev, Ukraine, that was once a major harvesting ground for iron ore and uranium. To produce metallic scandium, the oxide is converted to scandium fluoride and then reduced with metallic calcium.

Scandium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Scandium

Scandium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Scandium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Scandium

Ultimate tensile strength of Scandium is 200 MPa.

Yield Strength of Scandium

Yield strength of Scandium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Scandium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Scandium is 74.4 GPa.

Hardness of Scandium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Scandium is approximately 740 – 1200 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Scandium is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Scandium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Scandium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Scandium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Scandium
Crystal Structure of Scandium is: hexagonal close-packed

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Scandium

Scandium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Scandium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Scandium is 1541°C.

Boiling point of Scandium is 2830°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Scandium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Scandium is 15.8 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Scandium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Scandium is 10.2 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Scandium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Scandium is 0.6 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Scandium is 14.1 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Scandium is 314.2 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Scandium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Scandium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Scandium

Electrical resistivity of Scandium is 562 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Scandium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Scandium

Magnetic susceptibility of Scandium is +315e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Scandium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Scandium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Scandium