Elements - Properties - Price - Applications - Production Archivy - Page 8 of 9

Phosphorus – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Phosphorus

As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. At 0.099%, phosphorus is the most abundant pnictogen in the Earth’s crust.

Summary

Element	Phosphorus
Atomic number	15
Element category	Non Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	1.823 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	0.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	44.1 °C
Boiling Point	280 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.235 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.77 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.657 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	51.9 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	—
Magnetic Susceptibility	−20.8e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Phosphorus

Phosphorus is an essential plant nutrient (the most often limiting nutrient, after nitrogen), and the bulk of all phosphorus production is in concentrated phosphoric acids for agriculture fertilisers, containing as much as 70% to 75% P2O5. The vast majority of phosphorus compounds mined are consumed as fertilisers. Phosphate is needed to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil, and its annual demand is rising nearly twice as fast as the growth of the human population. Other applications include organophosphorus compounds in detergents, pesticides, and nerve agents.

Production and Price of Phosphorus

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Phosphorus were at around 40 $/kg.

Most production of phosphorus-bearing material is for agriculture fertilisers. For this purpose, phosphate minerals are converted to phosphoric acid. It follows two distinct chemical routes, the main one being treatment of phosphate minerals with sulfuric acid. The other process utilises white phosphorus, which may be produced by reaction and distillation from very low grade phosphate sources. Peak phosphorus is a concept to describe the point in time when humanity reaches the maximum global production rate of phosphorus as an industrial and commercial raw material. The predominant source of phosphorus in modern times is phosphate rock (as opposed to the guano that preceded it).

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Phosphorus

Strength of Phosphorus

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Phosphorus

Ultimate tensile strength of Phosphorus is N/A.

Yield Strength of Phosphorus

Yield strength of Phosphorus is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Phosphorus

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Phosphorus is N/A.

Hardness of Phosphorus

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Phosphorus is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Phosphorus is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Phosphorus is has a hardness of approximately 0.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Phosphorus – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Phosphorus is body-centered cubic structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

Crystal Structure of Phosphorus

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Phosphorus

Phosphorus – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Phosphorus is 44.1°C.

Boiling point of Phosphorus is 280°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Phosphorus – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Phosphorus is 0.235 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Phosphorus

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Phosphorus is — µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Phosphorus – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Phosphorus is 0.77 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Phosphorus is 0.657 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Phosphorus is 51.9 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Phosphorus – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Phosphorus

Electrical resistivity of Phosphorus is — nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Phosphorus conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Phosphorus

Magnetic susceptibility of Phosphorus is −20.8e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Phosphorus in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Phosphorus - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Phosphorus

Silicon – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-07-202020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Silicon

Silicon is a hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor.

Summary

Element	Silicon
Atomic number	14
Element category	Metalloids
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	2.33 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	170 MPa
Yield Strength	165 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	150 GPa
Mohs Scale	7
Brinell Hardness	2300 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	1410 °C
Boiling Point	3265 °C
Thermal Conductivity	148 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	2.6 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.71 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	50.55 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	384.22 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	2.3E12
Magnetic Susceptibility	−3.9e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Silicon

Most silicon is used industrially without being purified, and indeed, often with comparatively little processing from its natural form. Silicon is a vital ingredient in aluminum, steel, and iron alloys. It is added as a fluxing agent for copper alloys. In the form of clay and sand, it is used to manufacture bricks and concrete; it is a valuable refractory material for high-temperature work, for example, molding sands for castings in foundry applications. Silica is used to make fire brick, a type of ceramic. Silicate minerals are also in whiteware ceramics, an important class of products usually containing various types of fired clay minerals (natural aluminium phyllosilicates). An example is porcelain, which is based on the silicate mineral kaolinite. Traditional glass (silica-based soda-lime glass) also functions in many of the same ways, and also is used for windows and containers. Hyperpure silicon metal and doped hyperpure silicon (doping with boron, phosphorous, gallium, or arsenic) are used in solar cells, transistors and semiconductors.

Production and Price of Silicon

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Silicon were at around 500 $/kg.

Second only to oxygen, silicon is the most abundant element in Earth’s crust. It is found in rocks, sand, clays and soils, combined with either oxygen as silicon dioxide, or with oxygen and other elements as silicates. Silicon’s compounds are also found in water, in the atmosphere, in many plants, and even in certain animals. Silicon of 96–99% purity is made by reducing quartzite or sand with highly pure coke. The reduction is carried out in an electric arc furnace.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Silicon

Strength of Silicon

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Silicon

Ultimate tensile strength of Silicon is 170 MPa.

Yield Strength of Silicon

Yield strength of Silicon is 165 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Silicon

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Silicon is 150 GPa.

Hardness of Silicon

Brinell hardness of Silicon is approximately 2300 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Silicon is approximately N/A.

Silicon is has a hardness of approximately 7.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Silicon – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Silicon is face-centered diamond-cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Silicon

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Silicon

Silicon – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Silicon is 1410°C.

Boiling point of Silicon is 3265°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Silicon – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Silicon is 148 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Silicon

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Silicon is 2.6 µm/(m·K)

Silicon – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Silicon is 0.71 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Silicon is 50.55 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Silicon is 384.22 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Silicon – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Silicon

Electrical resistivity of Silicon is 2.3E12 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Silicon conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Silicon

Magnetic susceptibility of Silicon is −3.9e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Silicon - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Silicon

Aluminium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-07-202020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Aluminium

Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth’s crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below.

Summary

Element	Aluminium
Atomic number	13
Element category	Poor Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	2.7 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	90 MPa (pure), 600 MPa (alloys)
Yield Strength	11 MPa (pure), 400 MPa (alloys)
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	70 GPa
Mohs Scale	2.8
Brinell Hardness	240 MPa
Vickers Hardness	167 MPa
Melting Point	660 °C
Boiling Point	2467 °C
Thermal Conductivity	237 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	23.1 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.9 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	10.79 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	293.4 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	26.5
Magnetic Susceptibility	+16.5e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Aluminium

Aluminium and its alloys are used widely in aerospace, automotive, architectural, lithographic, packaging, electrical and electronic applications. It is the prime material of construction for the aircraft industry throughout most of its history. About 70% of commercial civil aircraft airframes are made from aluminium alloys, and without aluminium civil aviation would not be economically viable. Automotive industry now includes aluminium as engine castings, wheels, radiators and increasingly as body parts. 6111 aluminium and 2008 aluminium alloy are extensively used for external automotive body panels. Cylinder blocks and crankcases are often cast made of aluminium alloys.

Production and Price of Aluminium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Aluminium were at around 18 $/kg.

Aluminium is extracted from the principal ore, bauxite. Significant bauxite deposits are found throughout Australia, the Caribbean, Africa, China and South America. Open cut techniques are commonly used to mine the bauxite. The bauxite is purified using the Bayer process. Aluminium production is highly energy-consuming, and so the producers tend to locate smelters in places where electric power is both plentiful and inexpensive. As of 2012, the world’s largest smelters of aluminium are located in China, Russia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and South Africa.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Aluminium

Strength of Aluminium

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Aluminium

Ultimate tensile strength of Aluminium is 90 MPa (pure), 600 MPa (alloys).

Yield Strength of Aluminium

Yield strength of Aluminium is 11 MPa (pure), 400 MPa (alloys).

Modulus of Elasticity of Aluminium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Aluminium is 70 GPa.

Hardness of Aluminium

Brinell hardness of Aluminium is approximately 240 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Aluminium is approximately 167 MPa.

Aluminium is has a hardness of approximately 2.8.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Aluminium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Aluminium is face-centered cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Aluminium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Aluminium

Aluminium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Aluminium is 660°C.

Boiling point of Aluminium is 2467°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Aluminium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Aluminium is 237 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Aluminium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Aluminium is 23.1 µm/(m·K)

Aluminium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Aluminium is 0.9 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Aluminium is 10.79 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Aluminium is 293.4 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Aluminium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Aluminium

Electrical resistivity of Aluminium is 26.5 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Aluminium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Aluminium

Magnetic susceptibility of Aluminium is +16.5e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Aluminium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Aluminium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Aluminium

Magnesium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-07-202020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Magnesium

Magnesium is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure.

Summary

Element	Magnesium
Atomic number	12
Element category	Alkaline Earth Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	1.738 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	200 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	45 GPa
Mohs Scale	2.5
Brinell Hardness	260 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	649 °C
Boiling Point	1090 °C
Thermal Conductivity	156 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	24.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	8.954 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	127.4 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	43.9
Magnetic Susceptibility	+13.1e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Magnesium

Magnesium is the third-most-commonly-used structural metal, following iron and aluminium.[35] The main applications of magnesium are, in order: aluminium alloys, die-casting (alloyed with zinc), removing sulfur in the production of iron and steel, and the production of titanium in the Kroll process. Magnesium alloys are used in a wide variety of structural and nonstructural applications. Structural applications include automotive, industrial, materials-handling, commercial, and aerospace equipment. Magnesium alloys are used for parts that operate at high speeds and thus must be light weight to minimize inertial forces. Commercial applications include hand-held tools, laptops, luggage, and ladders, automobiles (e.g., steering wheels and columns, seat frames, transmission cases). Magnox (alloy), whose name is an abbreviation for “magnesium non-oxidizing”, is 99% magnesium and 1% aluminum, and is used in the cladding of fuel rods in magnox nuclear power reactors.

Production and Price of Magnesium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Magnesium were at around 37 $/kg.

Magnesium is today obtained mainly by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine, and is used primarily as a component in aluminium-magnesium alloys, sometimes called magnalium or magnelium. World production was approximately 1,100 kt in 2017, with the bulk being produced in China (930 kt) and Russia (60 kt). Magnesium is less dense than aluminium, and the alloy is prized for its combination of lightness and strength.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Magnesium

Strength of Magnesium

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Magnesium

Ultimate tensile strength of Magnesium is 200 MPa.

Yield Strength of Magnesium

Yield strength of Magnesium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Magnesium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Magnesium is 45 GPa.

Hardness of Magnesium

Brinell hardness of Magnesium is approximately 260 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Magnesium is approximately N/A.

Magnesium is has a hardness of approximately 2.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Magnesium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Magnesium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

Crystal Structure of Magnesium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Magnesium

Magnesium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Magnesium is 649°C.

Boiling point of Magnesium is 1090°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Magnesium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Magnesium is 156 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Magnesium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Magnesium is 24.8 µm/(m·K)

Magnesium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Magnesium is 1.02 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Magnesium is 8.954 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Magnesium is 127.4 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Magnesium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Magnesium

Electrical resistivity of Magnesium is 43.9 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Magnesium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Magnesium

Magnetic susceptibility of Magnesium is +13.1e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Magnesium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Magnesium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Magnesium

Sodium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-07-202020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Sodium

Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation.

Summary

Element	Sodium
Atomic number	11
Element category	Alkali Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	0.968 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	10 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.4
Brinell Hardness	0.69 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	97.8 °C
Boiling Point	883 °C
Thermal Conductivity	141 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	71 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.23 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	2.598 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	96.96 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	47.7
Magnetic Susceptibility	+16e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Sodium

Metallic sodium is used mainly for the production of sodium borohydride, sodium azide, indigo, and triphenylphosphine. A once-common use was the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because of the move away from TEL and new titanium production methods. An electric current and sodium vapor combine to form a yellowish glow. This principle is used for the making of sodium vapor lamps. Sodium is occasionally used as a heat exchange medium in nuclear power plants. Liquid sodium is sealed into pipes surrounding the reactor core. Generated heat is absorbed by sodium and forced through the pipes in a heat exchanger which can be used to generate electricity.

Production and Price of Sodium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Sodium were at around 70 $/kg.

Employed only in rather specialized applications, only about 100,000 tonnes of metallic sodium are produced annually. Sodium is now produced commercially through the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, based on a process patented in 1924. This is done in a Downs cell in which the NaCl is mixed with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 °C.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Sodium

Strength of Sodium

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Sodium

Ultimate tensile strength of Sodium is N/A.

Yield Strength of Sodium

Yield strength of Sodium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Sodium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Sodium is 10 GPa.

Hardness of Sodium

Brinell hardness of Sodium is approximately 0.69 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Sodium is approximately N/A.

Sodium is has a hardness of approximately 0.4.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Sodium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Sodium is body-centered cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Sodium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Sodium

Sodium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Sodium is 97.8°C.

Boiling point of Sodium is 883°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Sodium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Sodium is 141 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Sodium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Sodium is 71 µm/(m·K)

Sodium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Sodium is 1.23 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Sodium is 2.598 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Sodium is 96.96 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Sodium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Sodium

Electrical resistivity of Sodium is 47.7 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Sodium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Sodium

Magnetic susceptibility of Sodium is +16e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Sodium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Sodium

Neon – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Neon

Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air.

Summary

Element	Neon
Atomic number	10
Element category	Noble Gas
Phase at STP	Gas
Density	0.0009 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	-248 °C
Boiling Point	-248.7 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0493 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.904 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.3317 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	1.7326 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	—
Magnetic Susceptibility	N/A

Applications of Neon

Neon is often used in signs and produces an unmistakable bright reddish-orange light. Although tube lights with other colors are often called “neon”, they use different noble gases or varied colors of fluorescent lighting. Neon is also used to make high-voltage indicators and switching gear, lightning arresters, diving equipment and lasers. Liquid neon is an important cryogenic refrigerant. It has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity per unit volume than liquid helium, and more than 3 times that of liquid hydrogen.

Production and Price of Neon

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Neon were at around 330 $/kg.

It is commercially extracted by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Since air is the only source, it is considerably more expensive than helium. Neon, as liquid or gas, is relatively expensive – for small quantities, the price of liquid neon can be more than 55 times that of liquid helium. Driving neon’s expense is the rarity of neon, which, unlike helium, can only be obtained from air.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Neon

Strength of Neon

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Neon

Ultimate tensile strength of Neon is N/A.

Yield Strength of Neon

Yield strength of Neon is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Neon

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Neon is N/A.

Hardness of Neon

Brinell hardness of Neon is approximately N/A.

Vickers hardness of Neon is approximately N/A.

Neon is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Neon – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Neon is face-centered cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Neon

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Neon

Neon – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Neon is -248°C.

Boiling point of Neon is -248.7°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Neon – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Neon is 0.0493 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Neon

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Neon is — µm/(m·K)

Neon – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Neon is 0.904 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Neon is 0.3317 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Neon is 1.7326 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Neon – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Neon

Electrical resistivity of Neon is — nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Neon conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Neon

Magnetic susceptibility of Neon is N/A.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Neon - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Neon

Fluorine – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Fluorine

Fluorine is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.

Summary

Element	Fluorine
Atomic number	9
Element category	Halogen
Phase at STP	Gas
Density	0.0017 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	-219.8 °C
Boiling Point	-188.1 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0279 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.82 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.2552 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	3.2698 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	—
Magnetic Susceptibility	N/A

Applications of Fluorine

Owing to the expense of refining pure fluorine, most commercial applications use fluorine compounds, with about half of mined fluorite used in steelmaking. The rest of the fluorite is converted into corrosive hydrogen fluoride en route to various organic fluorides, or into cryolite, which plays a key role in aluminium refining. Most commercial uranium enrichment processes (gaseous diffusion and the gas centrifuge method) require the uranium to be in a gaseous form, therefore the uranium oxide concentrate must be first converted to uranium hexafluoride, which is a gas at relatively low temperatures. Molecules containing a carbon–fluorine bond often have very high chemical and thermal stability; their major uses are as refrigerants, electrical insulation and cookware, the last as PTFE (Teflon).

Production and Price of Fluorine

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Fluorine were at around 1900 $/kg.

Fluorine is obtained by the electrolysis of a solution of potassium hydrogendifluoride in anhydrous hydrofluoric acid. Hydrogen fluoride is produced in kilns by the endothermic reaction of fluorite (CaF2) with sulfuric acid.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Fluorine

Strength of Fluorine

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Fluorine

Ultimate tensile strength of Fluorine is N/A.

Yield Strength of Fluorine

Yield strength of Fluorine is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Fluorine

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Fluorine is N/A.

Hardness of Fluorine

Brinell hardness of Fluorine is approximately N/A.

Vickers hardness of Fluorine is approximately N/A.

Fluorine is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Fluorine – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Fluorine is cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Fluorine

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Fluorine

Fluorine – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Fluorine is -219.8°C.

Boiling point of Fluorine is -188.1°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Fluorine – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Fluorine is 0.0279 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Fluorine

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Fluorine is — µm/(m·K)

Fluorine – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Fluorine is 0.82 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Fluorine is 0.2552 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Fluorine is 3.2698 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Fluorine – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Fluorine

Electrical resistivity of Fluorine is — nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Fluorine conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Fluorine

Magnetic susceptibility of Fluorine is N/A.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Fluorine - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Fluorine

Oxygen – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Oxygen

Oxygen is a colourless, odourless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.

Summary

Element	Oxygen
Atomic number	8
Element category	Non Metal
Phase at STP	Gas
Density	0.00143 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	-218.4 °C
Boiling Point	-183 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02674 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.92 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(O2) 0.444 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(O2) 6.82 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	—
Magnetic Susceptibility	+3.4e-3 cm^3/mol

Applications of Oxygen

Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving. Smelting of iron ore into steel consumes 55% of commercially produced oxygen. In this process, oxygen is injected through a high-pressure lance into molten iron, which removes sulfur impurities and excess carbon as the respective oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Uptake of oxygen from the air is the essential purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient’s blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart.

Production and Price of Oxygen

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Oxygen were at around 3 $/kg.

One hundred million tonnes of oxygen are extracted from air for industrial uses annually by two primary methods. The most common method is fractional distillation of liquefied air, with nitrogen distilling as a vapor while oxygen is left as a liquid. The other primary method of producing oxygen is passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% oxygen.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Oxygen

Strength of Oxygen

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Oxygen

Ultimate tensile strength of Oxygen is N/A.

Yield Strength of Oxygen

Yield strength of Oxygen is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Oxygen

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Oxygen is N/A.

Hardness of Oxygen

Brinell hardness of Oxygen is approximately N/A.

Vickers hardness of Oxygen is approximately N/A.

Oxygen is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Oxygen – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Oxygen is cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Oxygen

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Oxygen

Oxygen – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Oxygen is -218.4°C.

Boiling point of Oxygen is -183°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Oxygen – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Oxygen is 0.02674 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Oxygen

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Oxygen is — µm/(m·K)

Oxygen – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Oxygen is 0.92 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Oxygen is (O2) 0.444 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Oxygen is (O2) 6.82 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Oxygen – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Oxygen

Electrical resistivity of Oxygen is — nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Oxygen conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Oxygen

Magnetic susceptibility of Oxygen is +3.4e-3 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Oxygen - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Oxygen

Nitrogen – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless unreactive gas that forms about 78% of the earth’s atmosphere. Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (−195.8°C) and is used as a coolant.

Summary

Element	Nitrogen
Atomic number	7
Element category	Non Metal
Phase at STP	Gas
Density	0.00125 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	—
Magnetic Susceptibility	−1.2e-5 cm^3/mol

Applications of Nitrogen

Nitrogen in various chemical forms plays a major role in large number of environmental issues. The applications of nitrogen compounds are naturally extremely widely varied due to the huge size of this class: hence, only applications of pure nitrogen itself will be considered here. Two-thirds of nitrogen produced by industry is sold as the gas and the remaining one-third as the liquid. In metallurgy, nitriding is a case hardening process in which the surface nitrogen concentration of a ferrous is increased by diffusion from the surrounding environment to create case-hardened surface. Nitriding produces hard, highly wear-resistant surface (shallow case depths) of product with fair capacity for contact load, good bending fatigue strength and excellent resistance to seizure. Synthetically produced ammonia and nitrates are key industrial fertilisers, and fertiliser nitrates are key pollutants in the eutrophication of water systems. Apart from its use in fertilisers and energy-stores, nitrogen is a constituent of organic compounds as diverse as Kevlar used in high-strength fabric and cyanoacrylate used in superglue.

Production and Price of Nitrogen

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Nitrogen were at around 4 $/kg.

Dinitrogen forms about 78% of Earth’s atmosphere, making it the most abundant uncombined element. Nitrogen gas is an industrial gas produced by the fractional distillation of liquid air, or by mechanical means using gaseous air (pressurised reverse osmosis membrane or pressure swing adsorption). Nitrogen gas generators using membranes or pressure swing adsorption (PSA) are typically more cost and energy efficient than bulk delivered nitrogen. Commercial nitrogen is often a byproduct of air-processing for industrial concentration of oxygen for steelmaking and other purposes.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Nitrogen

Strength of Nitrogen

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Nitrogen

Ultimate tensile strength of Nitrogen is N/A.

Yield Strength of Nitrogen

Yield strength of Nitrogen is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Nitrogen

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Nitrogen is N/A.

Hardness of Nitrogen

Brinell hardness of Nitrogen is approximately N/A.

Vickers hardness of Nitrogen is approximately N/A.

Nitrogen is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Nitrogen – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Nitrogen is hexagonal structure.

Crystal Structure of Nitrogen

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Nitrogen

Nitrogen – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Nitrogen is -209.9°C.

Boiling point of Nitrogen is -195.8°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Nitrogen – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Nitrogen is 0.02598 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Nitrogen

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Nitrogen is — µm/(m·K)

Nitrogen – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Nitrogen is 1.04 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Nitrogen is (N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Nitrogen is (N2) 5.56 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Nitrogen – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Nitrogen

Electrical resistivity of Nitrogen is — nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Nitrogen conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Nitrogen

Magnetic susceptibility of Nitrogen is −1.2e-5 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Nitrogen - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Nitrogen

Carbon – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-07-202020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Carbon

It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen.

Summary

Element	Carbon
Atomic number	6
Element category	Non Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	2.26 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	15 MPa (graphite); 3500 MPa (carbon fiber)
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.1 GPa (graphite); 228 GPa (carbon fiber)
Mohs Scale	0.8 (graphite)
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	4099 °C
Boiling Point	4527 °C
Thermal Conductivity	129 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	0.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.71 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	— kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	355.8 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	7837
Magnetic Susceptibility	−5.9e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Carbon

The major economic use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil (petroleum). Graphite and diamonds are two important allotropes of carbon that have wide applications. The uses of carbon and its compounds are extremely varied. It can form alloys with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel. Carbon is a non-metallic element, which is an important alloying element in all ferrous metal based materials. Carbon is always present in metallic alloys, i.e. in all grades of stainless steel and heat resistant alloys. Carbon is a very strong austenitizer and increases the strength of steel. In fact, it is the principal hardening element and is essential to the formation of cementite, Fe3C, pearlite, spheroidite, and iron-carbon martensite. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great ductility for the greater strength. Graphite is combined with clays to form the ‘lead’ used in pencils used for writing and drawing. It is also used as a lubricant and a pigment, as a molding material in glass manufacture, in electrodes for dry batteries and in electroplating and electroforming, in brushes for electric motors and as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors. Charcoal has been used since earliest times for a large range of purposes including art and medicine, but by far its most important use has been as a metallurgical fuel. Carbon fibers are used where low weight, high stiffness, high conductivity, or where the look of the carbon fiber weave desired.

Production and Price of Carbon

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Carbon were at around 24 $/kg.

Graphite, diamond and other carbon forms are directly obtained from mines. Synthetic diamonds can be produced when pure carbon is subjected to extremely high temperatures and pressures. Today, about 1/3rd of all diamonds are synthetically produced. Commercially viable natural deposits of graphite occur in many parts of the world, but the most important sources economically are in China, India, Brazil and North Korea. According to the USGS, world production of natural graphite was 1.1 million tonnes in 2010, to which China contributed 800,000 t, India 130,000 t, Brazil 76,000 t, North Korea 30,000 t and Canada 25,000 t.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Carbon

Strength of Carbon

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Carbon

Ultimate tensile strength of Carbon is 15 MPa (graphite); 3500 MPa (carbon fiber).

Yield Strength of Carbon

Yield strength of Carbon is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Carbon

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Carbon is 4.1 GPa (graphite) – 228 GPa (carbon fiber).

Hardness of Carbon

Brinell hardness of Carbon is approximately N/A.

Vickers hardness of Carbon is approximately N/A.

Carbon is has a hardness of approximately 0.8 (graphite).

See also: Hardness of Materials

Carbon – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Carbon is hexagonal structure.

Crystal Structure of Carbon

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Carbon

Carbon – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Carbon is 4099°C.

Boiling point of Carbon is 4527°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Carbon – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Carbon is 129 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Carbon

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Carbon is 0.8 µm/(m·K)

Carbon – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Carbon is 0.71 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Carbon is — kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Carbon is 355.8 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Carbon – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Carbon

Electrical resistivity of Carbon is 7837 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Carbon conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Carbon

Magnetic susceptibility of Carbon is −5.9e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Carbon - Comparison of Properties and Prices