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Boron – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Boron-properties-price-application-production

About Boron

Significant concentrations of boron occur on the Earth in compounds known as the borate minerals. There are over 100 different borate minerals, but the most common are: borax, kernite, ulexite etc. Natural boron consists primarily of two stable isotopes, 11B (80.1%) and 10B (19.9%). In nuclear industry boron is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to the high neutron cross-section of isotope 10B. Its (n,alpha) reaction cross-section for thermal neutrons is about 3840 barns (for 0.025 eV neutron). Isotope 11B has absorption cross-section for thermal neutrons about 0.005 barns (for 0.025 eV neutron). Most of (n,alpha) reactions of thermal neutrons are 10B(n,alpha)7Li reactions accompanied by 0.48 MeV gamma emission.

Summary

Element Boron
Atomic number 5
Element category Metalloids
Phase at STP Solid
Density 2.46 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength N/A
Yield Strength N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity N/A
Mohs Scale 9.5
Brinell Hardness N/A
Vickers Hardness 49000 MPa
Melting Point 2079 °C
Boiling Point 3927 °C
Thermal Conductivity 27 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 5-7 µm/mK
Specific Heat 1.02 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 50.2 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 508 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] ~E15
Magnetic Susceptibility −6.7e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Boron

Nearly all boron ore extracted from the Earth is destined for refinement into boric acid and sodium tetraborate pentahydrate. In the United States, 70% of the boron is used for the production of glass and ceramics. The major global industrial-scale use of boron compounds (about 46% of end-use) is in production of glass fiber for boron-containing insulating and structural fiberglasses, especially in Asia. Boron is added to boron steels at the level of a few parts per million to increase hardenability. Higher percentages are added to steels used in the nuclear industry due to boron’s neutron absorption ability (e.g. pellets of Boron Carbide). Boron can also increase the surface hardness of steels and alloys through boriding. Boron carbide and cubic boron nitride powders are widely used as abrasives.

Boron-applications

Production and Price of Boron

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Boron were at around 2500 $/kg.

Economically important sources of boron are the minerals colemanite, rasorite (kernite), ulexite and tincal. Together these constitute 90% of mined boron-containing ore. Turkey and the United States are the largest producers of boron products. Turkey produces about half of the global yearly demand.

Boron-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Boron

Boron-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Boron

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Boron

Ultimate tensile strength of Boron is N/A.

Yield Strength of Boron

Yield strength of Boron is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Boron

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Boron is N/A.

Hardness of Boron

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Boron is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Boron is approximately 49000 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Boron is has a hardness of approximately 9.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Boron – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Boron is rhombohedral structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Boron
Crystal Structure of Boron is: rhombohedral

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Boron

Boron-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Boron – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Boron is 2079°C.

Boiling point of Boron is 3927°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Boron – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Boron is 27 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Boron

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Boron is 5-7 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Boron – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Boron is 1.02 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Boron is 50.2 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Boron is 508 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Boron – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Boron-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Boron

Electrical resistivity of Boron is ~E15 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Boron conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Boron

Magnetic susceptibility of Boron is −6.7e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Boron in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Boron - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Boron

 

Beryllium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Beryllium-properties-price-application-production

About Beryllium

Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust. The commercial use of beryllium requires the use of appropriate dust control equipment and industrial controls at all times because of the toxicity of inhaled beryllium-containing dusts that can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease in some people called berylliosis. Beryllium has a large scattering cross section for high-energy neutrons, about 6 barns for energies above approximately 10 keV. Therefore, it works as a neutron reflector and neutron moderator, effectively slowing the neutrons to the thermal energy. Since berylium has very low threshold energy for neutron emission, it can be used as a neutron source in nuclear reactors. The Sb-Be source is based on (γ,n) reaction (i.e. it emits photoneutrons).

Summary

Element Beryllium
Atomic number 4
Element category Alkaline Earth Metal
Phase at STP Solid
Density 1.848 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength 345 MPa
Yield Strength N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 287 GPa
Mohs Scale 5.5
Brinell Hardness 600 MPa
Vickers Hardness 1670 MPa
Melting Point 1278 °C
Boiling Point 2469 °C
Thermal Conductivity 200 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 11.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat 1.82 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 12.2 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 292.4 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 36
Magnetic Susceptibility −9.0e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Beryllium

Berylium can be utilized as alloying agent in production of beryllium-copper, X-ray detection diagnostics, manufacture of computer peripherals, in nuclear reactors as neutron moderators and reflectors. 80% of the beryllium used goes into copper beryllium alloys. The combination of light weight with high strength at extreme temperatures makes beryllium metal and aluminium beryllium alloys ideal for use in high performance aerospace applications such as components of rockets. Transparency to x-radiation makes pure beryllium metal essential in security equipment and high-resolution medical imaging technology, such as mammography to detect breast cancer. Copper beryllium is the hardest and strongest of any copper alloy (UTS up to 1,400 MPa), in the fully heat treated and cold worked condition. It combines high strength with non-magnetic and non-sparking qualities and it is similar in mechanical properties to many high strength alloy steels but, compared to steels, it has better corrosion resistance.

Beryllium-applications

Production and Price of Beryllium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Beryllium were at around 5300 $/kg.

Beryllium content on earth’s crust is 2.6 ppm. It is one of the most toxic elements, hence causes damage to human lungs and other organisms. It is found in as many as 30 different minerals. Beryllium is most commonly extracted from the mineral beryl, which is either sintered using an extraction agent or melted into a soluble mixture. The sintering process involves mixing beryl with sodium fluorosilicate and soda at 770 °C (1,420 °F) to form sodium fluoroberyllate, aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide. Beryllium can also be readily recycled from scrap alloys. However, the quantity of recycled materials is variable and limited due to its use in dispersive technologies, such as electronics.

Beryllium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Beryllium

Beryllium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Beryllium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Beryllium

Ultimate tensile strength of Beryllium is 345 MPa.

Yield Strength of Beryllium

Yield strength of Beryllium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Beryllium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Beryllium is 287 GPa.

Hardness of Beryllium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Beryllium is approximately 600 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Beryllium is approximately 1670 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Beryllium is has a hardness of approximately 5.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Beryllium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Beryllium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Beryllium
Crystal Structure of Beryllium is: hexagonal close-packed

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Beryllium

Beryllium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Beryllium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Beryllium is 1278°C.

Boiling point of Beryllium is 2469°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Beryllium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Beryllium is 200 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Beryllium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Beryllium is 11.3 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Beryllium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Beryllium is 1.82 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Beryllium is 12.2 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Beryllium is 292.4 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Beryllium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Beryllium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium

Electrical resistivity of Beryllium is 36 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Beryllium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Beryllium

Magnetic susceptibility of Beryllium is −9.0e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Beryllium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Beryllium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Beryllium

 

Lithium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Lithium-properties-price-application-production

About Lithium

It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and is stored in mineral oil.

Summary

Element Lithium
Atomic number 3
Element category Alkali Metal
Phase at STP Solid
Density 0.535 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength 1.5 MPa
Yield Strength N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 4.9 GPa
Mohs Scale 0.6
Brinell Hardness 5 MPa
Vickers Hardness N/A
Melting Point 180.5 °C
Boiling Point 1342 °C
Thermal Conductivity 85 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 46 µm/mK
Specific Heat 3.6 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 3 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 145.92 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 92.8
Magnetic Susceptibility +14.2e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Lithium

Lithium has many applications, from lubricating grease, alloying additions in particular for aluminium and magnesium alloys, to glazes for ceramics, and finally, lithium batteries. In particular, lithium is and will continue to play an increasingly important role in the battery-powered clean air future. Lithium batteries are widely used in portable consumer electronic devices, and in electric vehicles ranging from full sized vehicles to radio controlled toys. The term “lithium battery” refers to a family of different lithium-metal chemistries, comprising many types of cathodes and electrolytes but all with metallic lithium as the anode.

Lithium-applications

Production and Price of Lithium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Lithium were at around 270 $/kg.

Lithium production has greatly increased since the end of World War II. Lithium is present in a number of different minerals, but for those who deal with its commercial extraction, there are really only a few that are of interest. The metal is separated from other elements in igneous minerals. The metal is produced through electrolysis from a mixture of fused 55% lithium chloride and 45% potassium chloride at about 450 °C. As of 2015, most of the world’s lithium production is in South America, where lithium-containing brine is extracted from underground pools and concentrated by solar evaporation. The standard extraction technique is to evaporate water from brine. Depending on the climate and weather in the region of the brine deposit, lithium concentration can take a few months to a year. Typically, lithium concentrations range between 1 and 2%.

Lithium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Lithium

Lithium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Lithium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Lithium

Ultimate tensile strength of Lithium is 1.5 MPa.

Yield Strength of Lithium

Yield strength of Lithium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Lithium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Lithium is 4.9 GPa.

Hardness of Lithium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Lithium is approximately 5 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Lithium is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Lithium is has a hardness of approximately 0.6.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Lithium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Lithium is body-centered cubic structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Lithium
Crystal Structure of Lithium is: body-centered cubic

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Lithium

Lithium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Lithium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Lithium is 180.5°C.

Boiling point of Lithium is 1342°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Lithium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Lithium is 85 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Lithium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Lithium is 46 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Lithium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Lithium is 3.6 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Lithium is 3 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Lithium is 145.92 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Lithium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Lithium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Lithium

Electrical resistivity of Lithium is 92.8 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Lithium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Lithium

Magnetic susceptibility of Lithium is +14.2e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Lithium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Lithium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Lithium

 

Helium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Helium-properties-price-application-production

About Helium

It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements.

Summary

Element Helium
Atomic number 2
Element category Noble Gas
Phase at STP Gas
Density 0.00018 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength N/A
Yield Strength N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity N/A
Mohs Scale N/A
Brinell Hardness N/A
Vickers Hardness N/A
Melting Point -272.2 °C
Boiling Point -268.9 °C
Thermal Conductivity 0.1513 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient — µm/mK
Specific Heat 5.193 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 0.0138 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 0.0845 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]
Magnetic Susceptibility −1.88e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Helium

Helium is used for many purposes that require some of its unique properties, such as its low boiling point, low density, low solubility, high thermal conductivity, or inertness. Of the 2014 world helium total production of about 32 million kg (180 million standard cubic meters) helium per year, the largest use (about 32% of the total in 2014) is in cryogenic applications, most of which involves cooling the superconducting magnets in medical MRI scanners and NMR spectrometers. Most clinical magnets are superconducting magnets, which require liquid helium to keep them very cold.

Helium-applications

Production and Price of Helium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Helium were at around 52 $/kg.

For large-scale use, helium is extracted by fractional distillation from natural gas, which can contain as much as 7% helium. Natural gas contains methane and other hydrocarbons, which are the principal sources of heat energy when natural gas is burned. There are several methods used to upgrade natural gas. When the gas contains more than about 0.4% helium by volume, a cryogenic distillation method is often used in order to recover the helium content. Once the helium has been separated from the natural gas, it undergoes further refining to bring it to 99.99+% purity for commercial use.

Helium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Helium

Helium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Helium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Helium

Ultimate tensile strength of Helium is N/A.

Yield Strength of Helium

Yield strength of Helium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Helium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Helium is N/A.

Hardness of Helium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Helium is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Helium is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Helium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Helium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Helium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Helium
Crystal Structure of Helium is: hexagonal close-packed

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Helium

Helium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Helium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Helium is -272.2°C.

Boiling point of Helium is -268.9°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Helium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Helium is 0.1513 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Helium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Helium is — µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Helium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Helium is 5.193 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Helium is 0.0138 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Helium is 0.0845 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Helium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Helium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Helium

Electrical resistivity of Helium is — nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Helium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Helium

Magnetic susceptibility of Helium is −1.88e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Helium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Helium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Helium

 

Hydrogen – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Hydrogen-properties-price-application-production

About Hydrogen

With a standard atomic weight of circa 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.

Summary

Element Hydrogen
Atomic number 1
Element category Non Metal
Phase at STP Gas
Density 0.00009 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength N/A
Yield Strength N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity N/A
Mohs Scale N/A
Brinell Hardness N/A
Vickers Hardness N/A
Melting Point -259.1 °C
Boiling Point -252.9 °C
Thermal Conductivity 0.1805 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient — µm/mK
Specific Heat 14.304 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 0.05868 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 0.44936 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]
Magnetic Susceptibility −3.98e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Hydrogen

Hydrogen is versatile and can be utilized in various ways. These multiple uses can be grouped into two large categories. Hydrogen as a feedstock. A role whose importance is being recognized for decades and will continue to grow and evolve. The largest single use of hydrogen in the world is in ammonia manufacture, which consumes about two-thirds of the world’s hydrogen production. Hydrogen is versatile and can be utilized in various ways. These multiple uses can be grouped into two large categories. Hydrogen as a feedstock for further chemical processes. A role whose importance is being recognized for decades and will continue to grow and evolve. And hydrogen as an energy carrier. Hydrogen is also commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules.

Hydrogen-applications

Production and Price of Hydrogen

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Hydrogen were at around 120 $/kg. Hydrogen is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories, often as a by-product of other reactions. In industry, hydrogen is often produced using natural gas, which involves the removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons at very high temperatures, with about 95% of hydrogen production coming from steam reforming around year 2000.

Hydrogen-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Hydrogen

Hydrogen-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Hydrogen

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation. For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Hydrogen

Ultimate tensile strength of Hydrogen is N/A.

Yield Strength of Hydrogen

Yield strength of Hydrogen is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Hydrogen

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Hydrogen is N/A.

Hardness of Hydrogen

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested. Brinell hardness of Hydrogen is approximately N/A. The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work. Vickers hardness of Hydrogen is approximately N/A. Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly. Hydrogen is has a hardness of approximately N/A. See also: Hardness of Materials

Hydrogen – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Hydrogen is hexagonal structure. crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices. See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Hydrogen Crystal Structure of Hydrogen is: hexagonal

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Hydrogen

Hydrogen-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Hydrogen – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Hydrogen is -259.1°C.

Boiling point of Hydrogen is -252.9°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Hydrogen – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Hydrogen is 0.1805 W/(m·K). The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Hydrogen

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Hydrogen is — µm/(m·K) Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Hydrogen – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Hydrogen is 14.304 J/g K. Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample. Latent Heat of Fusion of Hydrogen is 0.05868 kJ/mol. Latent Heat of Vaporization of Hydrogen is 0.44936 kJ/mol. Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Hydrogen – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Hydrogen-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors. See also: Electrical Properties Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently. See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Hydrogen

Electrical resistivity of Hydrogen is — nΩ⋅m. Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Hydrogen conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Hydrogen

Magnetic susceptibility of Hydrogen is −3.98e-6 cm^3/mol. In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Hydrogen in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Hydrogen - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Hydrogen