Elements – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

About Rhenium

Rhenium is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table.

Summary

Element	Rhenium
Atomic number	75
Element category	Transition Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	21.02 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1070 MPa
Yield Strength	290 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	463 GPa
Mohs Scale	7
Brinell Hardness	1400 MPa
Vickers Hardness	2500 MPa
Melting Point	3180 °C
Boiling Point	5600 °C
Thermal Conductivity	48 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	6.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	33.2 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	715 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	193
Magnetic Susceptibility	+67e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Rhenium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Rhenium were at around 5400 $/kg.

Because of the low availability relative to demand, rhenium is expensive, with price reaching an all-time high in 2008/2009 of US$10,600 per kilogram (US$4,800 per pound). Due to increases in rhenium recycling and a drop in demand for rhenium in catalysts, the price of rhenium has dropped to US$2,844 per kilogram (US$1,290 per pound) as of July 2018. Approximately all principal rhenium production (rhenium produced by mining rather than through recycling) is as a by-product of copper mining. Total world production is between 40 and 50 tons/year; the main producers are in Chile, the United States, Peru, and Poland.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Rhenium

Strength of Rhenium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Rhenium

Ultimate tensile strength of Rhenium is 1070 MPa.

Yield Strength of Rhenium

Yield strength of Rhenium is 290 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Rhenium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Rhenium is 290 MPa.

Hardness of Rhenium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Rhenium is approximately 1400 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Rhenium is approximately 2500 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Rhenium is has a hardness of approximately 7.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Rhenium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Rhenium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Rhenium

Thermal Properties of Rhenium

Rhenium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Rhenium is 3180°C.

Boiling point of Rhenium is 5600°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Rhenium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Rhenium is 48 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Rhenium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Rhenium is 6.2 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Rhenium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Rhenium is 0.13 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Rhenium is 33.2 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Rhenium is 715 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Rhenium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Rhenium

Electrical resistivity of Rhenium is 193 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Rhenium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Rhenium

Magnetic susceptibility of Rhenium is +67e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Rhenium in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Tungsten

Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work.

Summary

Element	Tungsten
Atomic number	74
Element category	Transition Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	19.25 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	980 MPa
Yield Strength	750 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	411 GPa
Mohs Scale	7.5
Brinell Hardness	3000 MPa
Vickers Hardness	3500 MPa
Melting Point	3410 °C
Boiling Point	59300 °C
Thermal Conductivity	170 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	4.5 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.13 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	35.4 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	824 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	52.8
Magnetic Susceptibility	+59e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Tungsten

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Tungsten were at around 110 $/kg.

The two major minerals of tungsten are wolframite and scheelite. Wolframite is strong, very dense, and has a high melting point. The tungsten ores are crushed, cleaned, and treated with alkali, resulting in the production of tungsten trioxide (WO3). The world’s reserves of tungsten are 3,200,000 tonnes; they are mostly located in China (1,800,000 t), Canada (290,000 t),[49] Russia (160,000 t), Vietnam (95,000 t) and Bolivia. As of 2017, China, Vietnam and Russia are the leading suppliers with 79,000, 7,200 and 3,100 tonnes, respectively.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Tungsten

Strength of Tungsten

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Tungsten

Ultimate tensile strength of Tungsten is 980 MPa.

Yield Strength of Tungsten

Yield strength of Tungsten is 750 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Tungsten

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Tungsten is 750 MPa.

Hardness of Tungsten

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Tungsten is approximately 3000 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Tungsten is approximately 3500 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Tungsten is has a hardness of approximately 7.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Tungsten – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Tungsten is body-centered cubic structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Tungsten

Thermal Properties of Tungsten

Tungsten – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Tungsten is 3410°C.

Boiling point of Tungsten is 59300°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Tungsten – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Tungsten is 170 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Tungsten

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Tungsten is 4.5 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Tungsten – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Tungsten is 0.13 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Tungsten is 35.4 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Tungsten is 824 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Tungsten – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Tungsten

Electrical resistivity of Tungsten is 52.8 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Tungsten conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Tungsten

Magnetic susceptibility of Tungsten is +59e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Tungsten in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Tantalum

Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant.

Summary

Element	Tantalum
Atomic number	73
Element category	Transition Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	16.65 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	760 MPa
Yield Strength	705 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	186 GPa
Mohs Scale	6.5
Brinell Hardness	800 MPa
Vickers Hardness	870 MPa
Melting Point	2996 °C
Boiling Point	5425 °C
Thermal Conductivity	57 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	6.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.14 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	31.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	743 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	131
Magnetic Susceptibility	+154e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Tantalum

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Tantalum were at around 1200 $/kg.

Tantalum, always together with the chemically similar niobium, occurs in the mineral groups tantalite, columbite and coltan (a mix of columbite and tantalite, though not recognised as a separate mineral species). Several steps are involved in the extraction of tantalum from tantalite. First, the mineral is crushed and concentrated by gravity separation. Tantalum is considered a technology-critical element.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Tantalum

Strength of Tantalum

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Tantalum

Ultimate tensile strength of Tantalum is 760 MPa.

Yield Strength of Tantalum

Yield strength of Tantalum is 705 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Tantalum

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Tantalum is 705 MPa.

Hardness of Tantalum

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Tantalum is approximately 800 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Tantalum is approximately 870 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Tantalum is has a hardness of approximately 6.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Tantalum – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Tantalum is body-centered cubic structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Tantalum

Thermal Properties of Tantalum

Tantalum – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Tantalum is 2996°C.

Boiling point of Tantalum is 5425°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Tantalum – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Tantalum is 57 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Tantalum

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Tantalum is 6.3 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Tantalum – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Tantalum is 0.14 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Tantalum is 31.6 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Tantalum is 743 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Tantalum – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Tantalum

Electrical resistivity of Tantalum is 131 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Tantalum conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Tantalum

Magnetic susceptibility of Tantalum is +154e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Tantalum in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Hafnium

Hafnium is a lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in many zirconium minerals. Hafnium’s large neutron capture cross-section makes it a good material for neutron absorption in control rods in nuclear power plants, but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron-transparent corrosion-resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors.

Summary

Element	Hafnium
Atomic number	72
Element category	Transition Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	13.31 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	480 MPa
Yield Strength	125 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	78 GPa
Mohs Scale	5.5
Brinell Hardness	1700 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1700 MPa
Melting Point	2227 °C
Boiling Point	4600 °C
Thermal Conductivity	23 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	5.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.14 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	24.06 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	575 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	331
Magnetic Susceptibility	+75e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Hafnium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Hafnium were at around 1200 $/kg.

The heavy mineral sands ore deposits of the titanium ores ilmenite and rutile yield most of the mined zirconium, and therefore also most of the hafnium. Zirconium is a good nuclear fuel-rod cladding metal, with the desirable properties of a very low neutron capture cross-section and good chemical stability at high temperatures. However, because of hafnium’s neutron-absorbing properties, hafnium impurities in zirconium would cause it to be far less useful for nuclear-reactor applications. Thus, a nearly complete separation of zirconium and hafnium is necessary for their use in nuclear power. The production of hafnium-free zirconium is the main source for hafnium.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Hafnium

Strength of Hafnium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Hafnium

Ultimate tensile strength of Hafnium is 480 MPa.

Yield Strength of Hafnium

Yield strength of Hafnium is 125 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Hafnium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Hafnium is 125 MPa.

Hardness of Hafnium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Hafnium is approximately 1700 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Hafnium is approximately 1700 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Hafnium is has a hardness of approximately 5.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Hafnium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Hafnium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Hafnium

Thermal Properties of Hafnium

Hafnium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Hafnium is 2227°C.

Boiling point of Hafnium is 4600°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Hafnium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Hafnium is 23 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Hafnium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Hafnium is 5.9 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Hafnium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Hafnium is 0.14 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Hafnium is 24.06 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Hafnium is 575 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Hafnium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Hafnium

Electrical resistivity of Hafnium is 331 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Hafnium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Hafnium

Magnetic susceptibility of Hafnium is +75e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Hafnium in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Lutetium

Lutetium is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. Lutetium is the last element in the lanthanide series, and it is traditionally counted among the rare earths.

Summary

Element	Lutetium
Atomic number	71
Element category	Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	9.841 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	68.6 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	900 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1100 MPa
Melting Point	1663 °C
Boiling Point	3402 °C
Thermal Conductivity	16 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	9.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.15 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	18.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	355.9 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	582
Magnetic Susceptibility	N/A

Production and Price of Lutetium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Lutetium were at around 69000 $/kg.

Its principal commercial source is as a by-product from the processing of the rare earth phosphate mineral monazite (Ce,La,…)PO4, which has concentrations of only 0.0001% of the element. Monazite is an important ore for thorium, lanthanum, and cerium. It is often found in placer deposits. India, Madagascar, and South Africa have large deposits of monazite sands. The deposits in India are particularly rich in monazite.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Lutetium

Strength of Lutetium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Lutetium

Ultimate tensile strength of Lutetium is N/A.

Yield Strength of Lutetium

Yield strength of Lutetium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Lutetium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Lutetium is N/A.

Hardness of Lutetium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Lutetium is approximately 900 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Lutetium is approximately 1100 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Lutetium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Lutetium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Lutetium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Lutetium

Thermal Properties of Lutetium

Lutetium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Lutetium is 1663°C.

Boiling point of Lutetium is 3402°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Lutetium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Lutetium is 16 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Lutetium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Lutetium is 9.9 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Lutetium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Lutetium is 0.15 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Lutetium is 18.6 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Lutetium is 355.9 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Lutetium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Lutetium

Electrical resistivity of Lutetium is 582 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Lutetium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Lutetium

Magnetic susceptibility of Lutetium is N/A.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Lutetium in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Ytterbium

Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density and melting and boiling points differ significantly from those of most other lanthanides.

Summary

Element	Ytterbium
Atomic number	70
Element category	Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	6.57 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	69 MPa
Yield Strength	66 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	23.9 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	340 MPa
Vickers Hardness	210 MPa
Melting Point	819 °C
Boiling Point	1196 °C
Thermal Conductivity	39 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	26.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.15 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	7.66 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	128.9 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	250
Magnetic Susceptibility	+249e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Ytterbium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Ytterbium were at around 5300 $/kg.

Ytterbium is produced from its ores by reaction with lanthanum metal. For example, the element is extracted by solvent extraction and ion exchange from monazite. Monazite is an important ore for thorium, lanthanum, and cerium. It is often found in placer deposits. India, Madagascar, and South Africa have large deposits of monazite sands. The deposits in India are particularly rich in monazite.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Ytterbium

Strength of Ytterbium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Ytterbium

Ultimate tensile strength of Ytterbium is 69 MPa.

Yield Strength of Ytterbium

Yield strength of Ytterbium is 66 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Ytterbium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Ytterbium is 66 MPa.

Hardness of Ytterbium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Ytterbium is approximately 340 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Ytterbium is approximately 210 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Ytterbium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Ytterbium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Ytterbium is face-centered cubic structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Ytterbium

Thermal Properties of Ytterbium

Ytterbium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Ytterbium is 819°C.

Boiling point of Ytterbium is 1196°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Ytterbium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Ytterbium is 39 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Ytterbium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Ytterbium is 26.3 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Ytterbium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Ytterbium is 0.15 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Ytterbium is 7.66 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Ytterbium is 128.9 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Ytterbium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Ytterbium

Electrical resistivity of Ytterbium is 250 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Ytterbium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Ytterbium

Magnetic susceptibility of Ytterbium is +249e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Ytterbium in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Thulium

Thulium is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster. It is fairly soft and slowly tarnishes in air. Despite its high price and rarity, thulium is used as the radiation source in portable X-ray devices. Thulium is the thirteenth and third-last element in the lanthanide series.

Summary

Element	Thulium
Atomic number	69
Element category	Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	9.321 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	74 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	470 MPa
Vickers Hardness	520 MPa
Melting Point	1545 °C
Boiling Point	1950 °C
Thermal Conductivity	17 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	13.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.16 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.84 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	191 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	676
Magnetic Susceptibility	+25500e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Thulium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Thulium were at around 70000 $/kg.

Thulium is principally extracted from monazite ores (~0.007% thulium) found in river sands, through ion exchange. Monazite is an important ore for thorium, lanthanum, and cerium. It is often found in placer deposits. India, Madagascar, and South Africa have large deposits of monazite sands. The deposits in India are particularly rich in monazite. Approximately 50 tonnes per year of thulium oxide are produced.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Thulium

Strength of Thulium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Thulium

Ultimate tensile strength of Thulium is N/A.

Yield Strength of Thulium

Yield strength of Thulium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Thulium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Thulium is N/A.

Hardness of Thulium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Thulium is approximately 470 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Thulium is approximately 520 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Thulium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Thulium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Thulium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Thulium

Thermal Properties of Thulium

Thulium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Thulium is 1545°C.

Boiling point of Thulium is 1950°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Thulium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Thulium is 17 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Thulium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Thulium is 13.3 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Thulium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Thulium is 0.16 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Thulium is 16.84 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Thulium is 191 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Thulium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Thulium

Electrical resistivity of Thulium is 676 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Thulium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Thulium

Magnetic susceptibility of Thulium is +25500e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Thulium in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Erbium

Erbium is a silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements. It is a lanthanide, a rare earth element, originally found in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby in Sweden.

Summary

Element	Erbium
Atomic number	68
Element category	Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	9.066 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	260 MPa
Yield Strength	250 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	69.9 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	800 MPa
Vickers Hardness	590 MPa
Melting Point	1529 °C
Boiling Point	2868 °C
Thermal Conductivity	15 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	12.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.17 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	19.9 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	261 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	860
Magnetic Susceptibility	+44000e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Erbium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Erbium were at around 2700 $/kg.

The principal commercial sources of erbium are from the minerals xenotime and euxenite, and most recently, the ion adsorption clays of southern China; in consequence, China has now become the principal global supplier of this element.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Erbium

Strength of Erbium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Erbium

Ultimate tensile strength of Erbium is 260 MPa.

Yield Strength of Erbium

Yield strength of Erbium is 250 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Erbium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Erbium is 250 MPa.

Hardness of Erbium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Erbium is approximately 800 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Erbium is approximately 590 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Erbium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Erbium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Erbium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Erbium

Thermal Properties of Erbium

Erbium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Erbium is 1529°C.

Boiling point of Erbium is 2868°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Erbium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Erbium is 15 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Erbium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Erbium is 12.2 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Erbium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Erbium is 0.17 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Erbium is 19.9 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Erbium is 261 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Erbium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Erbium

Electrical resistivity of Erbium is 860 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Erbium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Erbium

Magnetic susceptibility of Erbium is +44000e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Erbium in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Holmium

Holmium is a part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare-earth element. Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metal.

Summary

Element	Holmium
Atomic number	67
Element category	Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	8.795 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	260 MPa
Yield Strength	220 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	64.8 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	750 MPa
Vickers Hardness	490 MPa
Melting Point	1474 °C
Boiling Point	2600 °C
Thermal Conductivity	16 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.16 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	12.2 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	241 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	814
Magnetic Susceptibility	N/A

Production and Price of Holmium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Holmium were at around 7400 $/kg.

Pure holmium can be obtained through the reduction of holmium fluoride with calcium metal. It does occur combined with other elements in gadolinite (the black part of the specimen illustrated to the right), monazite and other rare-earth minerals. No holmium-dominant mineral has yet been found. The main mining areas are China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia with reserves of holmium estimated as 400,000 tonnes.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Holmium

Strength of Holmium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Holmium

Ultimate tensile strength of Holmium is 260 MPa.

Yield Strength of Holmium

Yield strength of Holmium is 220 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Holmium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Holmium is 220 MPa.

Hardness of Holmium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Holmium is approximately 750 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Holmium is approximately 490 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Holmium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Holmium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Holmium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Holmium

Thermal Properties of Holmium

Holmium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Holmium is 1474°C.

Boiling point of Holmium is 2600°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Holmium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Holmium is 16 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Holmium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Holmium is 11.2 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Holmium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Holmium is 0.16 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Holmium is 12.2 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Holmium is 241 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Holmium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Holmium

Electrical resistivity of Holmium is 814 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Holmium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Holmium

Magnetic susceptibility of Holmium is N/A.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Holmium in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Dysprosium

is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility in data storage applications.

Summary

Element	Dysprosium
Atomic number	66
Element category	Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	8.551 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	220 MPa
Yield Strength	200 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	61.4 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	500 MPa
Vickers Hardness	550 MPa
Melting Point	1412 °C
Boiling Point	2567 °C
Thermal Conductivity	11 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	9.9 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.17 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	11.06 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	230.1 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	926
Magnetic Susceptibility	+103000e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Dysprosium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Dysprosium were at around 2100 $/kg.

Dysprosium is obtained primarily from monazite sand, a mixture of various phosphates. The metal is obtained as a by-product in the commercial extraction of yttrium. Monazite is an important ore for thorium, lanthanum, and cerium. It is often found in placer deposits. India, Madagascar, and South Africa have large deposits of monazite sands. The deposits in India are particularly rich in monazite.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Dysprosium

Strength of Dysprosium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Dysprosium

Ultimate tensile strength of Dysprosium is 220 MPa.

Yield Strength of Dysprosium

Yield strength of Dysprosium is 200 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Dysprosium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Dysprosium is 200 MPa.

Hardness of Dysprosium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Dysprosium is approximately 500 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Dysprosium is approximately 550 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Dysprosium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Dysprosium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Dysprosium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Dysprosium

Thermal Properties of Dysprosium

Dysprosium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Dysprosium is 1412°C.

Boiling point of Dysprosium is 2567°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Dysprosium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Dysprosium is 11 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Dysprosium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Dysprosium is 9.9 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Dysprosium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Dysprosium is 0.17 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Dysprosium is 11.06 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Dysprosium is 230.1 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Dysprosium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Dysprosium

Electrical resistivity of Dysprosium is 926 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Dysprosium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Dysprosium

Magnetic susceptibility of Dysprosium is +103000e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Dysprosium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Application and prices of other elements