Elements - Properties - Price - Applications - Production Archivy - Page 5 of 9

Rhodium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Rhodium

Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion resistant and chemically inert transition metal. It is a noble metal and a member of the platinum group.

Summary

Element	Rhodium
Atomic number	45
Element category	Transition Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	12.45 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	950 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	380 GPa
Mohs Scale	6
Brinell Hardness	1100 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1246 MPa
Melting Point	1964 °C
Boiling Point	3695 °C
Thermal Conductivity	150 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	8.2 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.242 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	21.5 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	493 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	43.3
Magnetic Susceptibility	+111e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Rhodium

The element’s major use (approximately 80% of world rhodium production) is as one of the catalysts in the three-way catalytic converters in automobiles. Because rhodium metal is inert against corrosion and most aggressive chemicals, and because of its rarity, rhodium is usually alloyed with platinum or palladium and applied in high-temperature and corrosion-resistive coatings. In nuclear reactors, rhodium-based detectors are often used for incore neutron flux measuring.

Production and Price of Rhodium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Rhodium were at around 180000 $/kg.

Of 30,000 kg of rhodium consumed worldwide in 2012, 81% (24,300 kg) went into this application, and 8,060 kg was recovered from old converters. About 964 kg of rhodium was used in the glass industry, mostly for production of fiberglass and flat-panel glass, and 2,520 kg was used in the chemical industry. Rhodium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth’s crust. Its rarity affects its price and its use in commercial applications. The industrial extraction of rhodium is complex because the ores are mixed with other metals such as palladium, silver, platinum, and gold and there are very few rhodium-bearing minerals. The price of rhodium is highly variable. In 2007, rhodium cost approximately eight times more than gold, 450 times more than silver, and 27,250 times more than copper by weight. In 2008, the price briefly rose above $10,000 per ounce ($350,000 per kilogram). The economic slowdown of the 3rd quarter of 2008 pushed rhodium prices sharply back below $1,000 per ounce ($35,000 per kilogram); the price rebounded to $2,750 by early 2010 ($97,000 per kilogram) (more than twice the gold price), but in late 2013, the prices were less than $1000.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Rhodium

Strength of Rhodium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Rhodium

Ultimate tensile strength of Rhodium is 950 MPa.

Yield Strength of Rhodium

Yield strength of Rhodium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Rhodium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Rhodium is N/A.

Hardness of Rhodium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Rhodium is approximately 1100 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Rhodium is approximately 1246 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Rhodium is has a hardness of approximately 6.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Rhodium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Rhodium is face-centered cubic structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

Crystal Structure of Rhodium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Rhodium

Rhodium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Rhodium is 1964°C.

Boiling point of Rhodium is 3695°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Rhodium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Rhodium is 150 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Rhodium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Rhodium is 8.2 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Rhodium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Rhodium is 0.242 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Rhodium is 21.5 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Rhodium is 493 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Rhodium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Rhodium

Electrical resistivity of Rhodium is 43.3 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Rhodium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Rhodium

Magnetic susceptibility of Rhodium is +111e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Rhodium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Rhodium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Rhodium

Ruthenium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Ruthenium

Ruthenium is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals.

Summary

Element	Ruthenium
Atomic number	44
Element category	Transition Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	12.37 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	370 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	447 GPa
Mohs Scale	6.5
Brinell Hardness	2160 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	2334 °C
Boiling Point	4150 °C
Thermal Conductivity	117 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	6.4 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.238 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	24 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	595 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	71
Magnetic Susceptibility	+39e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Ruthenium

Ruthenium finds use in electronic industry for manufacturing electrical contacts and chip resistors. Ruthenium oxide is used in the chemical industry to coat the anodes of electrochemical cells for chlorine production. Ruthenium is also used in catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid production. Ruthenium compounds can be used in solar cells, which turn light energy into electrical energy. The metal also serves as a hardener for platinum and palladium

Production and Price of Ruthenium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Ruthenium were at around 8000 $/kg.

Ruthenium is one of the rarest metals on Earth. It is found uncombined in nature; however, it is more commonly found associated with other platinum metals in the minerals pentlandite and pyroxinite. Roughly 30 tonnes of ruthenium are mined each year with world reserves estimated at 5,000 tonnes. It is obtained commercially from the wastes of nickel refining.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Ruthenium

Strength of Ruthenium

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Ruthenium

Ultimate tensile strength of Ruthenium is 370 MPa.

Yield Strength of Ruthenium

Yield strength of Ruthenium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Ruthenium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Ruthenium is N/A.

Hardness of Ruthenium

Brinell hardness of Ruthenium is approximately 2160 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Ruthenium is approximately N/A.

Ruthenium is has a hardness of approximately 6.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Ruthenium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Ruthenium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

Crystal Structure of Ruthenium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Ruthenium

Ruthenium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Ruthenium is 2334°C.

Boiling point of Ruthenium is 4150°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Ruthenium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Ruthenium is 117 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Ruthenium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Ruthenium is 6.4 µm/(m·K)

Ruthenium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Ruthenium is 0.238 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Ruthenium is 24 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Ruthenium is 595 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Ruthenium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Ruthenium

Electrical resistivity of Ruthenium is 71 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Ruthenium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Ruthenium

Magnetic susceptibility of Ruthenium is +39e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Ruthenium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Ruthenium

Technetium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Technetium

Technetium is the lightest element whose isotopes are all radioactive; none are stable. Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically, and only minute amounts are found in the Earth’s crust. The chemical properties of this silvery gray, crystalline transition metal are intermediate between rhenium and manganese.

Summary

Element	Technetium
Atomic number	43
Element category	Transition Metal
Phase at STP	Synthetic
Density	11.5 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	2157 °C
Boiling Point	4265 °C
Thermal Conductivity	50.6 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	7.1 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.21 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	24 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	660 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	200
Magnetic Susceptibility	+270e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Technetium

One shortlived gamma ray-emitting nuclear isomer, technetium-99m, is used in nuclear medicine for a wide variety of tests, such as bone cancer diagnoses. The ground state of the nuclide technetium-99 is used as a gamma-ray-free source of beta particles.

Production and Price of Technetium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Technetium were at around 100000 $/kg.

The vast majority of the technetium-99m used in medical work is produced by irradiating dedicated highly enriched uranium targets in a reactor, extracting molybdenum-99 from the targets in reprocessing facilities, and recovering at the diagnostic center the technetium-99m produced upon decay of molybdenum-99.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Technetium

Strength of Technetium

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Technetium

Ultimate tensile strength of Technetium is N/A.

Yield Strength of Technetium

Yield strength of Technetium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Technetium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Technetium is N/A.

Hardness of Technetium

Brinell hardness of Technetium is approximately N/A.

Vickers hardness of Technetium is approximately N/A.

Technetium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Technetium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Technetium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

Crystal Structure of Technetium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Technetium

Technetium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Technetium is 2157°C.

Boiling point of Technetium is 4265°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Technetium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Technetium is 50.6 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Technetium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Technetium is 7.1 µm/(m·K)

Technetium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Technetium is 0.21 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Technetium is 24 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Technetium is 660 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Technetium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Technetium

Electrical resistivity of Technetium is 200 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Technetium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Technetium

Magnetic susceptibility of Technetium is +270e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Technetium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Technetium

Molybdenum – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Molybdenum

Molybdenum a silvery metal with a gray cast, has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. It readily forms hard, stable carbides in alloys, and for this reason most of world production of the element (about 80%) is used in steel alloys, including high-strength alloys and superalloys.

Summary

Element	Molybdenum
Atomic number	42
Element category	Transition Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	10.28 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	324 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	329 GPa
Mohs Scale	5.5
Brinell Hardness	1500 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1530 MPa
Melting Point	2623 °C
Boiling Point	4639 °C
Thermal Conductivity	138 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	4.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.25 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	32 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	598 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	53.4
Magnetic Susceptibility	+89e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Molybdenum

About 86% of molybdenum produced is used in metallurgy, with the rest used in chemical applications. The estimated global use is structural steel 35%, stainless steel 25%, chemicals 14%, tool & high-speed steels 9%, cast iron 6%, molybdenum elemental metal 6%, and superalloys 5%. Molybdenum (about 0.50-8.00%) when added to a tool steel makes it more resistant to high temperature. Molybdenum increases hardenability and strength, particularly at high temperatures due to the high melting point of molybdenum. Molybdenum is unique in the extent to which it increases the high-temperature tensile and creep strengths of steel. Molybdenum anodes replace tungsten in certain low voltage X-ray sources for specialized uses such as mammography. The radioactive isotope molybdenum-99 is used to generate technetium-99m, used for medical imaging. The isotope is handled and stored as the molybdate.

Production and Price of Molybdenum

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Molybdenum were at around 110 $/kg.

Molybdenum does not occur native, and is obtained mainly from molybdenite (MoS2). Other minor commercial ores of molybdenum are powellite (Ca(MoW)O4) and wulfenite (PbMoO4). Molybdenum is mined as a principal ore and is also recovered as a byproduct of copper and tungsten mining. The world’s production of molybdenum was 250,000 tonnes in 2011, the largest producers being China (94,000 t), the United States (64,000 t), Chile (38,000 t), Peru (18,000 t) and Mexico (12,000 t).

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Molybdenum

Strength of Molybdenum

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Molybdenum

Ultimate tensile strength of Molybdenum is 324 MPa.

Yield Strength of Molybdenum

Yield strength of Molybdenum is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Molybdenum

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Molybdenum is N/A.

Hardness of Molybdenum

Brinell hardness of Molybdenum is approximately 1500 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Molybdenum is approximately 1530 MPa.

Molybdenum is has a hardness of approximately 5.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Molybdenum – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Molybdenum is body-centered cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Molybdenum

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Molybdenum

Molybdenum – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Molybdenum is 2623°C.

Boiling point of Molybdenum is 4639°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Molybdenum – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Molybdenum is 138 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Molybdenum

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Molybdenum is 4.8 µm/(m·K)

Molybdenum – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Molybdenum is 0.25 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Molybdenum is 32 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Molybdenum is 598 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Molybdenum – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Molybdenum

Electrical resistivity of Molybdenum is 53.4 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Molybdenum conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Molybdenum

Magnetic susceptibility of Molybdenum is +89e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Molybdenum - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Molybdenum

Niobium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Niobium

Niobium is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, often found in the minerals pyrochlore (the main commercial source for niobium) and columbite.

Summary

Element	Niobium
Atomic number	41
Element category	Transition Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	8.57 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	275 MPa
Yield Strength	70 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	105 GPa
Mohs Scale	6
Brinell Hardness	740 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1300 MPa
Melting Point	2477 °C
Boiling Point	4744 °C
Thermal Conductivity	53.7 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	7.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.26 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	26.4 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	682 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	152
Magnetic Susceptibility	N/A

Applications of Niobium

Niobium consumption is dominated by its use as additive to high strength low alloy steel and stainless steel for oil and gas pipelines, car and truck bodies, architectural requirements, tool steels, ships hulls, railroad tracks. However, there are a number of other applications for niobium metal and its compounds. Although niobium has many applications the majority is used in the production of high-grade structural steel. The second largest application for niobium is in nickel-based superalloys. Niobium-tin alloys are used as superconducting magnets.

Production and Price of Niobium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Niobium were at around 180 $/kg.

In general, niobium is found always together with tantalum, manganese and iron. The ores were broken, grinded and refined by gravity separation or flotation. The niobium ore is further purified by subsequent chemical treatment, depending on the used technique the Niobium concentrate is available as oxide, salt or chloride. Out of 44,500 tonnes of niobium mined in 2006, an estimated 90% was used in high-grade structural steel. The second largest application is superalloys.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Niobium

Strength of Niobium

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Niobium

Ultimate tensile strength of Niobium is 275 MPa.

Yield Strength of Niobium

Yield strength of Niobium is 70 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Niobium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Niobium is 70 MPa.

Hardness of Niobium

Brinell hardness of Niobium is approximately 740 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Niobium is approximately 1300 MPa.

Niobium is has a hardness of approximately 6.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Niobium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Niobium is body-centered cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Niobium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Niobium

Niobium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Niobium is 2477°C.

Boiling point of Niobium is 4744°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Niobium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Niobium is 53.7 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Niobium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Niobium is 7.3 µm/(m·K)

Niobium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Niobium is 0.26 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Niobium is 26.4 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Niobium is 682 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Niobium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Niobium

Electrical resistivity of Niobium is 152 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Niobium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Niobium

Magnetic susceptibility of Niobium is N/A.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Niobium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Niobium

Zirconium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Zirconium

Zirconium is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier, although small amounts are used as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. Zirconium is widely used as a cladding for nuclear reactor fuels. The desired properties of these alloys are a low neutron-capture cross-section and resistance to corrosion under normal service conditions.

Summary

Element	Zirconium
Atomic number	40
Element category	Transition Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	6.511 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	330 MPa
Yield Strength	230 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	88 GPa
Mohs Scale	5
Brinell Hardness	650 MPa
Vickers Hardness	900 MPa
Melting Point	1855 °C
Boiling Point	4377 °C
Thermal Conductivity	22.7 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	5.7 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.27 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	16.9 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	591 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	421
Magnetic Susceptibility	N/A

Applications of Zirconium

Most zircon is used directly in high-temperature applications. This material is refractory, hard, and resistant to chemical attack. Because of these properties, zircon finds many applications, few of which are highly publicized. Its main use is as an opacifier, conferring a white, opaque appearance to ceramic materials. Zirconium and its alloys are widely used as a cladding for nuclear reactor fuels. Zirconium alloyed with niobium or tin has excellent corrosion properties. The high corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys results from the natural formation of a dense stable oxide on the surface of the metal. This film is self healing, it continues to grow slowly at temperatures up to approximately 550 °C (1020 °F), and it remains tightly adherent. The desired property of these alloys is also a low neutron-capture cross-section. The disadvantages of zirconium are low strength properties and low heat resistance, which can be eliminated, for example, by alloying with niobium.

Production and Price of Zirconium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Zirconium were at around 160 $/kg.

Approximately 900,000 tonnes of zirconium ores were mined in 1995, mostly as zircon. The production of zirconium metal requires special techniques due to the particular chemical properties of zirconium. Most Zr metal is produced from zircon (ZrSiO4) by the reduction of the zirconium chloride with magnesium metal in the Kroll process. The key feature of the Kroll process is reduction of zirconium chloride to metallic zirconium by magnesium. Commercial non-nuclear grade zirconium typically contains 1–5% of hafnium, whose neutron absorption cross-section is 600x that of zirconium. Hafnium must therefore be almost entirely removed (reduced to < 0.02% of the alloy) for reactor applications. In terms of cost, these alloys are also often the materials of choice for heat exchangers, and piping systems for the chemical-processing and nuclear industries. Zirconium is a by-product of the mining and processing of the titanium minerals, as well as tin mining. From 2003 to 2007, while prices for the mineral zircon steadily increased from $360 to $840 per tonne, the price for unwrought zirconium metal decreased from $39,900 to $22,700 per ton. Zirconium metal is much more expensive than zircon because the reduction processes are costly. All costs significantly vary with certain purity.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Zirconium

Strength of Zirconium

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Zirconium

Ultimate tensile strength of Zirconium is 330 MPa.

Yield Strength of Zirconium

Yield strength of Zirconium is 230 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Zirconium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Zirconium is 230 MPa.

Hardness of Zirconium

Brinell hardness of Zirconium is approximately 650 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Zirconium is approximately 900 MPa.

Zirconium is has a hardness of approximately 5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Zirconium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Zirconium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

Crystal Structure of Zirconium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Zirconium

Zirconium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Zirconium is 1855°C.

Boiling point of Zirconium is 4377°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Zirconium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Zirconium is 22.7 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Zirconium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Zirconium is 5.7 µm/(m·K)

Zirconium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Zirconium is 0.27 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Zirconium is 16.9 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Zirconium is 591 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Zirconium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Zirconium

Electrical resistivity of Zirconium is 421 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Zirconium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Zirconium

Magnetic susceptibility of Zirconium is N/A.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Zirconium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Zirconium

Yttrium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Yttrium

Yttrium is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a “rare-earth element”.

Summary

Element	Yttrium
Atomic number	39
Element category	Transition Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	4.472 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	115 MPa
Yield Strength	50 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	63.5 GPa
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	580 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	1526 °C
Boiling Point	2930 °C
Thermal Conductivity	17.2 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	10.6 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.3 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	11.4 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	363 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	596
Magnetic Susceptibility	+2.15e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Yttrium

The most important uses of yttrium are LEDs and phosphors, particularly the red phosphors in television set cathode ray tube displays. Yttrium is also used in the production of electrodes, electrolytes, electronic filters, lasers, superconductors, various medical applications, and tracing various materials to enhance their properties. Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) have been used to reduce the grain sizes of chromium, molybdenum, titanium, and zirconium. Yttrium is used to increase the strength of aluminium and magnesium alloys.

Production and Price of Yttrium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Yttrium were at around 2200 $/kg.

Commercially yttrium is refined from monazite and bastnasite sands which contain approximately 3% ands 0.2% respectively. Yttrium metal is commercially produced by the reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal, although other techniques also exist.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Yttrium

Strength of Yttrium

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Yttrium

Ultimate tensile strength of Yttrium is 115 MPa.

Yield Strength of Yttrium

Yield strength of Yttrium is 50 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Yttrium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Yttrium is 50 MPa.

Hardness of Yttrium

Brinell hardness of Yttrium is approximately 580 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Yttrium is approximately N/A.

Yttrium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Yttrium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Yttrium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

Crystal Structure of Yttrium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Yttrium

Yttrium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Yttrium is 1526°C.

Boiling point of Yttrium is 2930°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Yttrium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Yttrium is 17.2 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Yttrium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Yttrium is 10.6 µm/(m·K)

Yttrium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Yttrium is 0.3 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Yttrium is 11.4 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Yttrium is 363 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Yttrium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Yttrium

Electrical resistivity of Yttrium is 596 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Yttrium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Yttrium

Magnetic susceptibility of Yttrium is +2.15e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Yttrium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Yttrium

Strontium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Strontium

Strontium is an alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically.

Summary

Element	Strontium
Atomic number	38
Element category	Alkaline Earth Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	2.63 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	15.7 GPa
Mohs Scale	1.8
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	777 °C
Boiling Point	1382 °C
Thermal Conductivity	35.3 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	22.5 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.3 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	8.3 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	144 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	132
Magnetic Susceptibility	−92e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Strontium

Consuming 75% of production, the primary use for strontium was in glass for colour television cathode ray tubes. Strontium is best known for the brilliant reds its salts give to fireworks and flares. It is also used in producing ferrite magnets and refining zinc. Modern ‘glow-in-the-dark’ paints and plastics contain strontium aluminate. They absorb light during the day and release it slowly for hours afterwards. The isotope Sr90 has a half-life of 28 years and is one of the well-known high-energy beta emitters. Hence, it is employed in systems for nuclear auxiliary power (SNAP) devices, which find potential applications in remote weather stations, space vehicles, navigational buoys, etc.

Production and Price of Strontium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Strontium were at around 1000 $/kg.

The three major producers of strontium as celestine as of 2015 are China (150,000 t), Spain (90,000 t), and Mexico (70,000 t); Argentina (10,000 t) and Morocco (2,500 t) are smaller producers. A large proportion of mined celestine (SrSO4) is converted to the carbonate by two processes. Either the celestine is directly leached with sodium carbonate solution or the celestine is roasted with coal to form the sulfide.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Strontium

Strength of Strontium

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Strontium

Ultimate tensile strength of Strontium is N/A.

Yield Strength of Strontium

Yield strength of Strontium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Strontium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Strontium is N/A.

Hardness of Strontium

Brinell hardness of Strontium is approximately N/A.

Vickers hardness of Strontium is approximately N/A.

Strontium is has a hardness of approximately 1.8.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Strontium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Strontium is face-centered cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Strontium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Strontium

Strontium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Strontium is 777°C.

Boiling point of Strontium is 1382°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Strontium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Strontium is 35.3 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Strontium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Strontium is 22.5 µm/(m·K)

Strontium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Strontium is 0.3 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Strontium is 8.3 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Strontium is 144 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Strontium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Strontium

Electrical resistivity of Strontium is 132 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Strontium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Strontium

Magnetic susceptibility of Strontium is −92e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Strontium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Strontium

Rubidium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-07-202020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Rubidium

Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group, with an atomic mass of 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other alkali metals, including rapid oxidation in air.

Summary

Element	Rubidium
Atomic number	37
Element category	Alkali Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	1.532 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	2.4 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.3
Brinell Hardness	0.216 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	39.31 °C
Boiling Point	688 °C
Thermal Conductivity	58.2 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	90 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.363 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	2.192 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	72.216 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	128
Magnetic Susceptibility	+17e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Rubidium

The photoemissive property of rubidium, which is that of a surface emitting free electrons when impinged upon by electromagnetic radiation, makes possible the following applications. A rubidium-tellurium photoemissive surface is used in photoelectric cells, which are incorporated in a variety of electronic detection and activation devices. It is sensitive to a wide spectrum of radiation from the mid-ultraviolet through the visible into the near-infrared. A rubidium-cesium-antimony coating is commonly applied to the photocathodes of photomultiplier tubes. Rubidium-82 is used for positron emission tomography.

Production and Price of Rubidium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Rubidium were at around 12000 $/kg.

Rubidium is obtained as a minor byproduct of the processing of lepidolite and pollucite. These ores are found, often together, in just a few zoned pegmatites around the world and are mined on a small scale by selective methods. The deposits are sought and mined primarily for their lithium content.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Rubidium

Strength of Rubidium

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Rubidium

Ultimate tensile strength of Rubidium is N/A.

Yield Strength of Rubidium

Yield strength of Rubidium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Rubidium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Rubidium is 2.4 GPa.

Hardness of Rubidium

Brinell hardness of Rubidium is approximately 0.216 MPa.

Vickers hardness of Rubidium is approximately N/A.

Rubidium is has a hardness of approximately 0.3.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Rubidium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Rubidium is body-centered cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Rubidium

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Rubidium

Rubidium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Rubidium is 39.31°C.

Boiling point of Rubidium is 688°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Rubidium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Rubidium is 58.2 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Rubidium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Rubidium is 90 µm/(m·K)

Rubidium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Rubidium is 0.363 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Rubidium is 2.192 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Rubidium is 72.216 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Rubidium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Rubidium

Electrical resistivity of Rubidium is 128 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Rubidium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Rubidium

Magnetic susceptibility of Rubidium is +17e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Rubidium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Rubidium

Krypton – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

2021-02-012020-12-08 by Nick Connor

About Krypton

Krypton is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps.

Summary

Element	Krypton
Atomic number	36
Element category	Noble Gas
Phase at STP	Gas
Density	0.00375 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	-157.36 °C
Boiling Point	-153.22 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.00949 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.248 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	1.638 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	9.029 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	—
Magnetic Susceptibility	−28.8e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Krypton

Krypton’s multiple emission lines make ionized krypton gas discharges appear whitish, which in turn makes krypton-based bulbs useful in photography as a white light source. Krypton is used in some photographic flashes for high speed photography. Krypton is also used in MRI/CT techniques.

Production and Price of Krypton

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Krypton were at around 330 $/kg.

Krypton can be extracted by subjecting liquefied air to fractional distillation and removing carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapor and oxygen from the resulting residues of liquefied air. At present, xenon and krypton are produced as a by-product in giant air separation stations at metallurgical factories.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Krypton

Strength of Krypton

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Krypton

Ultimate tensile strength of Krypton is N/A.

Yield Strength of Krypton

Yield strength of Krypton is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Krypton

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Krypton is N/A.

Hardness of Krypton

Brinell hardness of Krypton is approximately N/A.

Vickers hardness of Krypton is approximately N/A.

Krypton is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Krypton – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Krypton is face-centered cubic structure.

Crystal Structure of Krypton

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

Thermal Properties of Krypton

Krypton – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Krypton is -157.36°C.

Boiling point of Krypton is -153.22°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Krypton – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Krypton is 0.00949 W/(m·K).

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Krypton

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Krypton is — µm/(m·K)

Krypton – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Krypton is 0.248 J/g K.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Krypton is 1.638 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Krypton is 9.029 kJ/mol.

Melting Point of Elements

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Heat Capacity of Elements

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Krypton – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

See also: Electrical Properties

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Krypton

Electrical resistivity of Krypton is — nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Krypton conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Krypton

Magnetic susceptibility of Krypton is −28.8e-6 cm^3/mol.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Krypton - Comparison of Properties and Prices