Facebook Instagram Youtube Twitter

Terbium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Terbium-properties-price-application-production

About Terbium

Terbium is a silvery-white, rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. The ninth member of the lanthanide series, terbium is a fairly electropositive metal that reacts with water, evolving hydrogen gas.

Summary

Element Terbium
Atomic number 65
Element category Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP Solid
Density 8.219 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength N/A
Yield Strength N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 55.7 GPa
Mohs Scale N/A
Brinell Hardness 680 MPa
Vickers Hardness 860 MPa
Melting Point 1365 °C
Boiling Point 3123 °C
Thermal Conductivity 11 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 10.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat 0.18 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 10.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 330.9 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 1150
Magnetic Susceptibility +146000e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Terbium

Terbium is used as a dopant in calcium fluoride, calcium tungstate, and strontium molybdate, materials that are used in solid-state devices. It is also used in low-energy lightbulbs and mercury lamps. Terbium oxide is used in green phosphors in fluorescent lamps and color TV tubes. It has been used to improve the safety of medical x-rays by allowing the same quality image to be produced with a much shorter exposure time. Terbium salts are used in laser devices.

Terbium-applications

Production and Price of Terbium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Terbium were at around 18000 $/kg.

The production of terbium involves obtaining fractions of different basicity from yttria using ammonium hydroxide. Two substances known as terbia and erbia were obtained from these fractions. Terbia and erbia contain the rare earth elements terbium and erbium.

Terbium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Terbium

Terbium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Terbium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Terbium

Ultimate tensile strength of Terbium is N/A.

Yield Strength of Terbium

Yield strength of Terbium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Terbium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Terbium is N/A.

Hardness of Terbium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Terbium is approximately 680 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Terbium is approximately 860 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Terbium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Terbium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Terbium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Terbium
Crystal Structure of Terbium is: hexagonal close-packed

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Terbium

Terbium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Terbium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Terbium is 1365°C.

Boiling point of Terbium is 3123°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Terbium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Terbium is 11 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Terbium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Terbium is 10.3 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Terbium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Terbium is 0.18 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Terbium is 10.8 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Terbium is 330.9 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Terbium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Terbium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Terbium

Electrical resistivity of Terbium is 1150 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Terbium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Terbium

Magnetic susceptibility of Terbium is +146000e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Terbium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Gadolinium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Gadolinium-properties-price-application-production

About Gadolinium

Gadolinium belongs to a rare earth elements (it is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table). In nuclear industry gadolinium is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorbtion cross-section of two isotopes 155Gd and 157Gd. In fact their absorption cross-sections are the highest among all stable isotopes.

Summary

Element Gadolinium
Atomic number 64
Element category Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP Solid
Density 7.901 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength 170 MPa
Yield Strength 160 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 54.8 GPa
Mohs Scale N/A
Brinell Hardness N/A
Vickers Hardness 570 MPa
Melting Point 1313 °C
Boiling Point 3000 °C
Thermal Conductivity 11 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 9.4 µm/mK
Specific Heat 0.23 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 10.05 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 359.4 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 1310
Magnetic Susceptibility +755000e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Gadolinium

Gadolinium possesses unusual metallurgical properties, to the extent that as little as 1% of gadolinium can significantly improve the workability and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures of iron, chromium, and related metals. Gadolinium as a metal or a salt absorbs neutrons and is, therefore, used sometimes for shielding in neutron radiography and in nuclear reactors. Gadolinium is widely used as a burnable absorber, which is commonly used in fresh fuel to compensate an excess of reactivity of reactor core. Among all known stable elements, gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section (49,000 barns). Gadolinium barium copper oxide (GdBCO) has been researched for its superconducting properties with applications in superconducting motors or generators – for example in a wind turbine.

Gadolinium-applications

Production and Price of Gadolinium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Gadolinium were at around 1910 $/kg.

Gadolinium is produced both from monazite and bastnäsite. Commercially, it is recovered from monazite sand and bastnasite by extraction processes and ion exchange techniques. Monazite is an important ore for thorium, lanthanum, and cerium. It is often found in placer deposits. India, Madagascar, and South Africa have large deposits of monazite sands. The deposits in India are particularly rich in monazite.

Gadolinium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Gadolinium

Gadolinium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Gadolinium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Gadolinium

Ultimate tensile strength of Gadolinium is 170 MPa.

Yield Strength of Gadolinium

Yield strength of Gadolinium is 160 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Gadolinium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Gadolinium is 160 MPa.

Hardness of Gadolinium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Gadolinium is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Gadolinium is approximately 570 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Gadolinium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Gadolinium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Gadolinium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Gadolinium
Crystal Structure of Gadolinium is: hexagonal close-packed

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Gadolinium

Gadolinium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Gadolinium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Gadolinium is 1313°C.

Boiling point of Gadolinium is 3000°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Gadolinium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Gadolinium is 11 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Gadolinium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Gadolinium is 9.4 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Gadolinium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Gadolinium is 0.23 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Gadolinium is 10.05 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Gadolinium is 359.4 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Gadolinium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Gadolinium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Gadolinium

Electrical resistivity of Gadolinium is 1310 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Gadolinium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Gadolinium

Magnetic susceptibility of Gadolinium is +755000e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Gadolinium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Europium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Europium-properties-price-application-production

About Europium

Europium is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, europium usually assumes the oxidation state +3. Europium is one of the least abundant elements in the universe. Only about 5×10−8% of all matter in the universe is europium.

Summary

Element Europium
Atomic number 63
Element category Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP Solid
Density 5.244 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength 120 MPa
Yield Strength 60 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 18.2 GPa
Mohs Scale N/A
Brinell Hardness N/A
Vickers Hardness 170 MPa
Melting Point 822 °C
Boiling Point 1529 °C
Thermal Conductivity 14 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 35 µm/mK
Specific Heat 0.18 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 9.21 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 143.5 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 900
Magnetic Susceptibility +34600e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Europium

Europium is used in the printing of euro banknotes. It glows red under UV light, and forgeries can be detected by the lack of this red glow. It is a dopant in some types of glass in lasers and other optoelectronic devices. Since the isotopes of europium act as good neutron absorbers, they are being studied for use in nuclear control applications, such as in burnable absorbers.

Europium-applications

Production and Price of Europium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Europium were at around 36000 $/kg.

Europium is one of the rarest of the rare earth elements on Earth. The europium metal has a silvery-white appearance. Monazite and bastnasite are the main ores containing europium. Commercially, it is recovered from monazite sand and bastnasite by extraction processes and ion exchange techniques. Monazite is an important ore for thorium, lanthanum, and cerium. It is often found in placer deposits. India, Madagascar, and South Africa have large deposits of monazite sands. The deposits in India are particularly rich in monazite.

Europium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Europium

Europium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Europium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Europium

Ultimate tensile strength of Europium is 120 MPa.

Yield Strength of Europium

Yield strength of Europium is 60 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Europium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Europium is 60 MPa.

Hardness of Europium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Europium is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Europium is approximately 170 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Europium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Europium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Europium is body-centered cubic structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Europium
Crystal Structure of Europium is: body-centered cubic

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Europium

Europium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Europium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Europium is 822°C.

Boiling point of Europium is 1529°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Europium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Europium is 14 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Europium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Europium is 35 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Europium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Europium is 0.18 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Europium is 9.21 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Europium is 143.5 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Europium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Europium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Europium

Electrical resistivity of Europium is 900 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Europium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Europium

Magnetic susceptibility of Europium is +34600e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Europium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Europium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Europium

 

Samarium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Samarium-properties-price-application-production

About Samarium

Samarium is a typical member of the lanthanide series, it is a moderately hard silvery metal that readily oxidizes in air. The name samarium is after the mineral samarskite from which it was isolated. Although classified as a rare earth element, samarium is the 40th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and is more common than such metals as tin. In nuclear industry, especially natural and artificial samarium 149 has an important impact on the operation of a nuclear reactor. Samarium 149 has a very large neutron capture cross-section (about 42,000 barns). Since natural samarium contains about 14% of 149Sm, it can be used as an absorbing material in control rods.

Summary

Element Samarium
Atomic number 62
Element category Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP Solid
Density 7.353 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength 124 MPa
Yield Strength 110 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 49.7 GPa
Mohs Scale N/A
Brinell Hardness 441 MPa
Vickers Hardness 412 MPa
Melting Point 1074 °C
Boiling Point 1900 °C
Thermal Conductivity 13 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 12.7 µm/mK
Specific Heat 0.2 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 8.63 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 192 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 940
Magnetic Susceptibility +1860e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Samarium

Samarium is mainly used in preparing samarium-cobalt alloy magnets for electric guitars, small motors and headphones. Samarium-cobalt magnets are much more powerful than iron magnets. They remain magnetic at high temperatures and so are used in microwave applications. They enabled the miniaturisation of electronic devices. However, neodymium magnets are now more commonly used instead. Its oxide is used for manufacturing special infrared adsorbing glass for carbon arc-lamp electrodes. It is useful in doping calcium fluoride crystals employed in optical lasers.

Samarium-applications

Production and Price of Samarium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Samarium were at around 1300 $/kg.

Samarium occurs with concentration up to 2.8% in several minerals including cerite, gadolinite, samarskite, monazite and bastnäsite, the last two being the most common commercial sources of the element. These minerals are mostly found in China, the United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka and Australia; China is by far the world leader in samarium mining and production.

Samarium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Samarium

Samarium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Samarium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Samarium

Ultimate tensile strength of Samarium is 124 MPa.

Yield Strength of Samarium

Yield strength of Samarium is 110 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Samarium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Samarium is 110 MPa.

Hardness of Samarium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Samarium is approximately 441 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Samarium is approximately 412 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Samarium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Samarium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Samarium is rhombohedral structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Samarium
Crystal Structure of Samarium is: rhombohedral

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Samarium

Samarium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Samarium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Samarium is 1074°C.

Boiling point of Samarium is 1900°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Samarium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Samarium is 13 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Samarium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Samarium is 12.7 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Samarium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Samarium is 0.2 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Samarium is 8.63 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Samarium is 192 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Samarium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Samarium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Samarium

Electrical resistivity of Samarium is 940 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Samarium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Samarium

Magnetic susceptibility of Samarium is +1860e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Samarium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Samarium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Samarium

 

Promethium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Promethium-properties-price-application-production

About Promethium

Promethium is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms. All of its isotopes are radioactive. In nuclear reactors, promethium equilibrium exists in power operation. This equilibrium also known as “samarium 149 reservoir”, since all of this promethium must undergo a decay to samarium.

Summary

Element Promethium
Atomic number 61
Element category Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP Synthetic
Density 7.264 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength 160 MPa
Yield Strength 70 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 46 GPa (est.)
Mohs Scale N/A
Brinell Hardness N/A
Vickers Hardness N/A
Melting Point 1042 °C
Boiling Point 3000 °C
Thermal Conductivity 15 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 9 µm/mK
Specific Heat 0.18 J/g K
Heat of Fusion kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization — kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 750
Magnetic Susceptibility N/A

Applications of Promethium

Promethium is not extensively used metal. Most promethium is used only in research. A little promethium is used in specialised atomic batteries. In atomic batteries, the beta particles emitted by promethium-147 are converted into electric current by sandwiching a small promethium source between two semiconductor plates.

Promethium-applications

Production and Price of Promethium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Promethium were at around N/A $/kg.

Promethium can be produced by irradiating neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, deuterons and alpha particles. It can also be prepared by ion exchange of nuclear reactor fuel processing wastes.

Promethium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Promethium

Promethium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Promethium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Promethium

Ultimate tensile strength of Promethium is 160 MPa.

Yield Strength of Promethium

Yield strength of Promethium is 70 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Promethium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Promethium is 70 MPa.

Hardness of Promethium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Promethium is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Promethium is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Promethium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Promethium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Promethium is double hexagonal close-packed structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Promethium
Crystal Structure of Promethium is: double hexagonal close-packed

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Promethium

Promethium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Promethium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Promethium is 1042°C.

Boiling point of Promethium is 3000°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Promethium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Promethium is 15 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Promethium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Promethium is µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Promethium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Promethium is 0.18 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Promethium is kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Promethium is — kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Promethium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Promethium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Promethium

Electrical resistivity of Promethium is 750 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Promethium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Promethium

Magnetic susceptibility of Promethium is N/A.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Promethium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Promethium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Promethium

 

Neodymium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Neodymium-properties-price-application-production

About Neodymium

Neodymium is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use. Although neodymium is classed as a rare earth, it is a fairly common element.

Summary

Element Neodymium
Atomic number 60
Element category Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP Solid
Density 7.01 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength 155 MPa
Yield Strength 150 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 41.4 GPa
Mohs Scale N/A
Brinell Hardness 265 MPa
Vickers Hardness 350 MPa
Melting Point 1016 °C
Boiling Point 3074 °C
Thermal Conductivity 17 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 9.6 µm/mK
Specific Heat 0.19 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 7.14 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 273 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 643
Magnetic Susceptibility +5628e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Neodymium

The most important use for neodymium is in an alloy with iron and boron to make very strong permanent magnets. These magnets are widely used in such products as microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, high performance hobby DC electric motors, and computer hard disks, where low magnet mass (or volume) or strong magnetic fields are required. Larger neodymium magnets are used in high-power-versus-weight electric motors (for example in hybrid cars) and generators (for example aircraft and wind turbine electric generators). Neodymium is a component, along with praseodymium, of didymium glass. This is a special glass for goggles used during glass blowing and welding. The element colours glass delicate shades of violet, wine-red and grey. Neodymium is also used in the glass for tanning booths, since it transmits the tanning UV rays but not the heating infrared rays.

Neodymium-applications

Production and Price of Neodymium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Neodymium were at around 1100 $/kg.

Commercially, it is recovered from monazite sand and bastnasite by extraction processes and ion exchange techniques. Monazite is an important ore for thorium, lanthanum, and cerium. It is often found in placer deposits. India, Madagascar, and South Africa have large deposits of monazite sands. The deposits in India are particularly rich in monazite. The world’s production of neodymium was about 7,000 tonnes in 2004.

Neodymium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Neodymium

Neodymium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Neodymium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Neodymium

Ultimate tensile strength of Neodymium is 155 MPa.

Yield Strength of Neodymium

Yield strength of Neodymium is 150 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Neodymium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Neodymium is 150 MPa.

Hardness of Neodymium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Neodymium is approximately 265 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Neodymium is approximately 350 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Neodymium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Neodymium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Neodymium is double hexagonal close-packed structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Neodymium
Crystal Structure of Neodymium is: double hexagonal close-packed

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Neodymium

Neodymium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Neodymium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Neodymium is 1016°C.

Boiling point of Neodymium is 3074°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Neodymium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Neodymium is 17 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Neodymium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Neodymium is 9.6 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Neodymium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Neodymium is 0.19 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Neodymium is 7.14 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Neodymium is 273 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Neodymium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Neodymium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Neodymium

Electrical resistivity of Neodymium is 643 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Neodymium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Neodymium

Magnetic susceptibility of Neodymium is +5628e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Neodymium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Neodymium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Neodymium

 

Praseodymium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Praseodymium-properties-price-application-production

About Praseodymium

Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal, valued for its magnetic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties. Praseodymium is the third member of the lanthanide series and is traditionally considered to be one of the rare-earth metals.

Summary

Element Praseodymium
Atomic number 59
Element category Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP Solid
Density 6.64 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength 110 MPa
Yield Strength 103 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 37.3 GPa
Mohs Scale N/A
Brinell Hardness 490 MPa
Vickers Hardness 400 MPa
Melting Point 931 °C
Boiling Point 3130 °C
Thermal Conductivity 13 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 6.7 µm/mK
Specific Heat 0.19 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 6.89 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 296.8 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 700
Magnetic Susceptibility +5000e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Praseodymium

Praseodymium is used in a variety of alloys. The high-strength alloy it forms with magnesium is used in aircraft engines. Mischmetal is an alloy containing about 5% praseodymium and is used to make flints for cigarette lighters. In combination with neodymium, another rare-earth element, praseodymium is used to create high-power magnets notable for their strength and durability. Praseodymium compounds give glasses and enamels a yellow color.

Praseodymium-applications

Production and Price of Praseodymium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Praseodymium were at around 1700 $/kg.

Commercially, it is recovered from monazite sand and bastnasite by extraction processes and ion exchange techniques. Monazite is an important ore for thorium, lanthanum, and cerium. It is often found in placer deposits. India, Madagascar, and South Africa have large deposits of monazite sands. The deposits in India are particularly rich in monazite.

Praseodymium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Praseodymium

Praseodymium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Praseodymium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Praseodymium

Ultimate tensile strength of Praseodymium is 110 MPa.

Yield Strength of Praseodymium

Yield strength of Praseodymium is 103 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Praseodymium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Praseodymium is 103 MPa.

Hardness of Praseodymium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Praseodymium is approximately 490 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Praseodymium is approximately 400 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Praseodymium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Praseodymium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Praseodymium is double hexagonal close-packed structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Praseodymium
Crystal Structure of Praseodymium is: double hexagonal close-packed

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Praseodymium

Praseodymium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Praseodymium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Praseodymium is 931°C.

Boiling point of Praseodymium is 3130°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Praseodymium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Praseodymium is 13 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Praseodymium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Praseodymium is 6.7 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Praseodymium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Praseodymium is 0.19 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Praseodymium is 6.89 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Praseodymium is 296.8 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Praseodymium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Praseodymium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Praseodymium

Electrical resistivity of Praseodymium is 700 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Praseodymium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Praseodymium

Magnetic susceptibility of Praseodymium is +5000e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Praseodymium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Praseodymium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Praseodymium

 

Cerium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Cerium-properties-price-application-production

About Cerium

Cerium is a soft, ductile and silvery-white metal that tarnishes when exposed to air, and it is soft enough to be cut with a knife. Cerium is the second element in the lanthanide series. Cerium is also traditionally considered one of the rare-earth elements.

Summary

Element Cerium
Atomic number 58
Element category Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP Solid
Density 6.689 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength 100 MPa
Yield Strength 90 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 33.6 GPa
Mohs Scale 2.5
Brinell Hardness 412 MPa
Vickers Hardness 300 MPa
Melting Point 798 °C
Boiling Point 3457 °C
Thermal Conductivity 11 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 6.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat 0.19 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 5.46 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 414 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 828
Magnetic Susceptibility +2450e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Cerium

Cerium is an important component of mischmetal alloy. Ferrocerium is a synthetic pyrophoric alloy that produces hot sparks that can reach temperatures of 3,000 °C (5,430 °F) when rapidly oxidized by the process of striking the rod, thereby fragmenting it and exposing those fragments to the oxygen in the air. A typical composition includes approximately 55% cerium, 25% lanthanum, and 15-18% neodymium with other rare earth metals following. The best-known use for this alloy is in ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters. Ceria is the most widely used compound of cerium. The main application of ceria is as a polishing compound, for example in chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP).

Cerium-applications

Production and Price of Cerium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Cerium were at around 570 $/kg.

The ores containing cerium, such as monazite, are typically contain a range of other rare earths. Consequently they undergo a series of chemical treatments to remove rare earths such as thorium and cerium. Monazite is an important ore for thorium, lanthanum, and cerium. It is often found in placer deposits. India, Madagascar, and South Africa have large deposits of monazite sands. The deposits in India are particularly rich in monazite.

Cerium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Cerium

Cerium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Cerium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Cerium

Ultimate tensile strength of Cerium is 100 MPa.

Yield Strength of Cerium

Yield strength of Cerium is 90 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Cerium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Cerium is 90 MPa.

Hardness of Cerium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Cerium is approximately 412 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Cerium is approximately 300 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Cerium is has a hardness of approximately 2.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Cerium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Cerium is double hexagonal close-packed structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Cerium
Crystal Structure of Cerium is: double hexagonal close-packed

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Cerium

Cerium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Cerium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Cerium is 798°C.

Boiling point of Cerium is 3457°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Cerium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Cerium is 11 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Cerium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Cerium is 6.3 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Cerium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Cerium is 0.19 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Cerium is 5.46 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Cerium is 414 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Cerium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Cerium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Cerium

Electrical resistivity of Cerium is 828 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Cerium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Cerium

Magnetic susceptibility of Cerium is +2450e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Cerium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Cerium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Cerium

 

Lanthanum – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Lanthanum-properties-price-application-production

About Lanthanum

Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is the eponym of the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table, of which lanthanum is the first and the prototype. It is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements.

Summary

Element Lanthanum
Atomic number 57
Element category Rare Earth Metal
Phase at STP Solid
Density 6.146 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength 130 MPa
Yield Strength 125 MPa
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 36.6 GPa
Mohs Scale 2.5
Brinell Hardness 350 MPa
Vickers Hardness 360 MPa
Melting Point 920 °C
Boiling Point 3454 °C
Thermal Conductivity 13 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 12.1 µm/mK
Specific Heat 0.19 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 6.2 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 414 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 615
Magnetic Susceptibility +118.6e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Lanthanum

Lanthanum is not extensively used metal. However, its alloys have a variety of interesting uses. A lanthanum-nickel alloy is used to store hydrogen gas for use in hydrogen-powered vehicles. Lanthanum is also found in the anode of nickel metal hydride batteries (NiMH) used in hybrid cars. Lanthanum is an important component of mischmetal alloy. A typical composition includes approximately 55% cerium, 25% lanthanum, and 15-18% neodymium with other rare earth metals following. The best-known use for this alloy is in ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters.

Lanthanum-applications

Production and Price of Lanthanum

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Lanthanum were at around 640 $/kg.

The ores containing lanthanum, such as monazite, are typically contain a range of other rare earths. Consequently they undergo a series of chemical treatments to remove rare earths such as thorium and cerium to yield lanthanum salts. Monazite is an important ore for thorium, lanthanum, and cerium. It is often found in placer deposits. India, Madagascar, and South Africa have large deposits of monazite sands. The deposits in India are particularly rich in monazite.

Lanthanum-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Lanthanum

Lanthanum-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Lanthanum

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Lanthanum

Ultimate tensile strength of Lanthanum is 130 MPa.

Yield Strength of Lanthanum

Yield strength of Lanthanum is 125 MPa.

Modulus of Elasticity of Lanthanum

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Lanthanum is 125 MPa.

Hardness of Lanthanum

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Lanthanum is approximately 350 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Lanthanum is approximately 360 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Lanthanum is has a hardness of approximately 2.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Lanthanum – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Lanthanum is double hexagonal close-packed structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Lanthanum
Crystal Structure of Lanthanum is: double hexagonal close-packed

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Lanthanum

Lanthanum-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Lanthanum – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Lanthanum is 920°C.

Boiling point of Lanthanum is 3454°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Lanthanum – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Lanthanum is 13 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Lanthanum

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Lanthanum is 12.1 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Lanthanum – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Lanthanum is 0.19 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Lanthanum is 6.2 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Lanthanum is 414 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Lanthanum – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Lanthanum-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Lanthanum

Electrical resistivity of Lanthanum is 615 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Lanthanum conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Lanthanum

Magnetic susceptibility of Lanthanum is +118.6e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Lanthanum in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Lanthanum - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Lanthanum

 

Barium – Properties – Price – Applications – Production

Barium-properties-price-application-production

About Barium

Barium is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. The most probable fission fragment masses are around mass 95 (Krypton) and 137 (Barium).

Summary

Element Barium
Atomic number 56
Element category Alkaline Earth Metal
Phase at STP Solid
Density 3.51 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength N/A
Yield Strength N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 13 GPa
Mohs Scale 1.25
Brinell Hardness N/A
Vickers Hardness N/A
Melting Point 725 °C
Boiling Point 1845 °C
Thermal Conductivity 18 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 20.6 µm/mK
Specific Heat 0.204 J/g K
Heat of Fusion 7.75 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization 142 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter] 332
Magnetic Susceptibility +20.6e-6 cm^3/mol

Applications of Barium

Barium is not an extensively used element. Most is used in drilling fluids for oil and gas wells. It is also used in paint and in glassmaking. Barium is also a key element in the production of ceramic superconductors. Lanthanum barium copper oxide, or LBCO, was discovered in 1986 and was the first high temperature superconductor.

Barium-applications

Production and Price of Barium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Barium were at around 550 $/kg.

The primary commercial source of barium is baryte (also called barytes or heavy spar), a barium sulfate mineral with deposits in many parts of the world. Another commercial source, far less important than baryte, is witherite, barium carbonate.

Barium-periodic-table

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Barium

Barium-mechanical-properties-strength-hardness-crystal-structure

Strength of Barium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Barium

Ultimate tensile strength of Barium is N/A.

Yield Strength of Barium

Yield strength of Barium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Barium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Barium is N/A.

Hardness of Barium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratchingBrinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Barium is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Barium is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Barium is has a hardness of approximately 1.25.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Barium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Barium is body-centered cubic structure.

crystal structures - FCC, BCC, HCP

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Barium
Crystal Structure of Barium is: body-centered cubic

Strength of Elements

Elasticity of Elements

Hardness of Elements

 

Thermal Properties of Barium

Barium-melting-point-conductivity-thermal-properties

Barium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Barium is 725°C.

Boiling point of Barium is 1845°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Barium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Barium is 18 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Barium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Barium is 20.6 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Barium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Barium is 0.204 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Barium is 7.75 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Barium is 142 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Melting Point of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - melting point

Thermal Conductivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal conductivity

Thermal Expansion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - thermal expansion

Heat Capacity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - heat capacity

Heat of Fusion of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat fusion

Heat of Vaporization of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - latent heat vaporization

Barium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Barium-electrical-resistivity-magnetic-susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Barium

Electrical resistivity of Barium is 332 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Barium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Barium

Magnetic susceptibility of Barium is +20.6e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Barium in response to an applied magnetic field.

Electrical Resistivity of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements - electrical resistivity

Magnetic Susceptibility of Elements

Application and prices of other elements

Barium - Comparison of Properties and Prices

Periodic Table in 8K resolution

Other properties of Barium