Nick Connor

About Neon

Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air.

Summary

Element	Neon
Atomic number	10
Element category	Noble Gas
Phase at STP	Gas
Density	0.0009 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	-248 °C
Boiling Point	-248.7 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0493 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.904 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.3317 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	1.7326 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	—
Magnetic Susceptibility	N/A

Production and Price of Neon

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Neon were at around 330 $/kg.

It is commercially extracted by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Since air is the only source, it is considerably more expensive than helium. Neon, as liquid or gas, is relatively expensive – for small quantities, the price of liquid neon can be more than 55 times that of liquid helium. Driving neon’s expense is the rarity of neon, which, unlike helium, can only be obtained from air.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Neon

Strength of Neon

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Neon

Ultimate tensile strength of Neon is N/A.

Yield Strength of Neon

Yield strength of Neon is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Neon

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Neon is N/A.

Hardness of Neon

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Neon is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Neon is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Neon is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Neon – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Neon is face-centered cubic structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Neon

Thermal Properties of Neon

Neon – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Neon is -248°C.

Boiling point of Neon is -248.7°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Neon – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Neon is 0.0493 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Neon

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Neon is — µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Neon – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Neon is 0.904 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Neon is 0.3317 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Neon is 1.7326 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Neon – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Neon

Electrical resistivity of Neon is — nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Neon conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Neon

Magnetic susceptibility of Neon is N/A.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Neon in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Fluorine

Fluorine is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.

Summary

Element	Fluorine
Atomic number	9
Element category	Halogen
Phase at STP	Gas
Density	0.0017 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	-219.8 °C
Boiling Point	-188.1 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.0279 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.82 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.2552 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	3.2698 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	—
Magnetic Susceptibility	N/A

Production and Price of Fluorine

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Fluorine were at around 1900 $/kg.

Fluorine is obtained by the electrolysis of a solution of potassium hydrogendifluoride in anhydrous hydrofluoric acid. Hydrogen fluoride is produced in kilns by the endothermic reaction of fluorite (CaF2) with sulfuric acid.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Fluorine

Strength of Fluorine

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Fluorine

Ultimate tensile strength of Fluorine is N/A.

Yield Strength of Fluorine

Yield strength of Fluorine is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Fluorine

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Fluorine is N/A.

Hardness of Fluorine

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Fluorine is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Fluorine is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Fluorine is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Fluorine – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Fluorine is cubic structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Fluorine

Thermal Properties of Fluorine

Fluorine – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Fluorine is -219.8°C.

Boiling point of Fluorine is -188.1°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Fluorine – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Fluorine is 0.0279 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Fluorine

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Fluorine is — µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Fluorine – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Fluorine is 0.82 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Fluorine is 0.2552 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Fluorine is 3.2698 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Fluorine – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Fluorine

Electrical resistivity of Fluorine is — nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Fluorine conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Fluorine

Magnetic susceptibility of Fluorine is N/A.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Fluorine in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Oxygen

Oxygen is a colourless, odourless reactive gas, the chemical element of atomic number 8 and the life-supporting component of the air. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.

Summary

Element	Oxygen
Atomic number	8
Element category	Non Metal
Phase at STP	Gas
Density	0.00143 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	-218.4 °C
Boiling Point	-183 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02674 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.92 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(O2) 0.444 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(O2) 6.82 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	—
Magnetic Susceptibility	+3.4e-3 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Oxygen

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Oxygen were at around 3 $/kg.

One hundred million tonnes of oxygen are extracted from air for industrial uses annually by two primary methods. The most common method is fractional distillation of liquefied air, with nitrogen distilling as a vapor while oxygen is left as a liquid. The other primary method of producing oxygen is passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% oxygen.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Oxygen

Strength of Oxygen

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Oxygen

Ultimate tensile strength of Oxygen is N/A.

Yield Strength of Oxygen

Yield strength of Oxygen is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Oxygen

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Oxygen is N/A.

Hardness of Oxygen

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Oxygen is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Oxygen is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Oxygen is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Oxygen – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Oxygen is cubic structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Oxygen

Thermal Properties of Oxygen

Oxygen – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Oxygen is -218.4°C.

Boiling point of Oxygen is -183°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Oxygen – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Oxygen is 0.02674 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Oxygen

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Oxygen is — µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Oxygen – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Oxygen is 0.92 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Oxygen is (O2) 0.444 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Oxygen is (O2) 6.82 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Oxygen – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Oxygen

Electrical resistivity of Oxygen is — nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Oxygen conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Oxygen

Magnetic susceptibility of Oxygen is +3.4e-3 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Oxygen in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless unreactive gas that forms about 78% of the earth’s atmosphere. Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (−195.8°C) and is used as a coolant.

Summary

Element	Nitrogen
Atomic number	7
Element category	Non Metal
Phase at STP	Gas
Density	0.00125 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	-209.9 °C
Boiling Point	-195.8 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.02598 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.04 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	(N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	—
Magnetic Susceptibility	−1.2e-5 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Nitrogen

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Nitrogen were at around 4 $/kg.

Dinitrogen forms about 78% of Earth’s atmosphere, making it the most abundant uncombined element. Nitrogen gas is an industrial gas produced by the fractional distillation of liquid air, or by mechanical means using gaseous air (pressurised reverse osmosis membrane or pressure swing adsorption). Nitrogen gas generators using membranes or pressure swing adsorption (PSA) are typically more cost and energy efficient than bulk delivered nitrogen. Commercial nitrogen is often a byproduct of air-processing for industrial concentration of oxygen for steelmaking and other purposes.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Nitrogen

Strength of Nitrogen

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Nitrogen

Ultimate tensile strength of Nitrogen is N/A.

Yield Strength of Nitrogen

Yield strength of Nitrogen is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Nitrogen

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Nitrogen is N/A.

Hardness of Nitrogen

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Nitrogen is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Nitrogen is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Nitrogen is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Nitrogen – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Nitrogen is hexagonal structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Nitrogen

Thermal Properties of Nitrogen

Nitrogen – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Nitrogen is -209.9°C.

Boiling point of Nitrogen is -195.8°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Nitrogen – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Nitrogen is 0.02598 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Nitrogen

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Nitrogen is — µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Nitrogen – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Nitrogen is 1.04 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Nitrogen is (N2) 0.7204 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Nitrogen is (N2) 5.56 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Nitrogen – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Nitrogen

Electrical resistivity of Nitrogen is — nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Nitrogen conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Nitrogen

Magnetic susceptibility of Nitrogen is −1.2e-5 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Nitrogen in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Carbon

It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen.

Summary

Element	Carbon
Atomic number	6
Element category	Non Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	2.26 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	15 MPa (graphite); 3500 MPa (carbon fiber)
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.1 GPa (graphite); 228 GPa (carbon fiber)
Mohs Scale	0.8 (graphite)
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	4099 °C
Boiling Point	4527 °C
Thermal Conductivity	129 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	0.8 µm/mK
Specific Heat	0.71 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	— kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	355.8 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	7837
Magnetic Susceptibility	−5.9e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Carbon

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Carbon were at around 24 $/kg.

Graphite, diamond and other carbon forms are directly obtained from mines. Synthetic diamonds can be produced when pure carbon is subjected to extremely high temperatures and pressures. Today, about 1/3rd of all diamonds are synthetically produced. Commercially viable natural deposits of graphite occur in many parts of the world, but the most important sources economically are in China, India, Brazil and North Korea. According to the USGS, world production of natural graphite was 1.1 million tonnes in 2010, to which China contributed 800,000 t, India 130,000 t, Brazil 76,000 t, North Korea 30,000 t and Canada 25,000 t.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Carbon

Strength of Carbon

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Carbon

Ultimate tensile strength of Carbon is 15 MPa (graphite); 3500 MPa (carbon fiber).

Yield Strength of Carbon

Yield strength of Carbon is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Carbon

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Carbon is 4.1 GPa (graphite) – 228 GPa (carbon fiber).

Hardness of Carbon

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Carbon is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Carbon is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Carbon is has a hardness of approximately 0.8 (graphite).

See also: Hardness of Materials

Carbon – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Carbon is hexagonal structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Carbon

Thermal Properties of Carbon

Carbon – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Carbon is 4099°C.

Boiling point of Carbon is 4527°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Carbon – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Carbon is 129 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Carbon

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Carbon is 0.8 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Carbon – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Carbon is 0.71 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Carbon is — kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Carbon is 355.8 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Carbon – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Carbon

Electrical resistivity of Carbon is 7837 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Carbon conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Carbon

Magnetic susceptibility of Carbon is −5.9e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Carbon in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Boron

Significant concentrations of boron occur on the Earth in compounds known as the borate minerals. There are over 100 different borate minerals, but the most common are: borax, kernite, ulexite etc. Natural boron consists primarily of two stable isotopes, 11B (80.1%) and 10B (19.9%). In nuclear industry boron is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to the high neutron cross-section of isotope 10B. Its (n,alpha) reaction cross-section for thermal neutrons is about 3840 barns (for 0.025 eV neutron). Isotope 11B has absorption cross-section for thermal neutrons about 0.005 barns (for 0.025 eV neutron). Most of (n,alpha) reactions of thermal neutrons are 10B(n,alpha)7Li reactions accompanied by 0.48 MeV gamma emission.

Summary

Element	Boron
Atomic number	5
Element category	Metalloids
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	2.46 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	9.5
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	49000 MPa
Melting Point	2079 °C
Boiling Point	3927 °C
Thermal Conductivity	27 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	5-7 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.02 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	50.2 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	508 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	~E15
Magnetic Susceptibility	−6.7e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Boron

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Boron were at around 2500 $/kg.

Economically important sources of boron are the minerals colemanite, rasorite (kernite), ulexite and tincal. Together these constitute 90% of mined boron-containing ore. Turkey and the United States are the largest producers of boron products. Turkey produces about half of the global yearly demand.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Boron

Strength of Boron

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Boron

Ultimate tensile strength of Boron is N/A.

Yield Strength of Boron

Yield strength of Boron is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Boron

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Boron is N/A.

Hardness of Boron

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Boron is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Boron is approximately 49000 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Boron is has a hardness of approximately 9.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Boron – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Boron is rhombohedral structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Boron

Thermal Properties of Boron

Boron – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Boron is 2079°C.

Boiling point of Boron is 3927°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Boron – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Boron is 27 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Boron

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Boron is 5-7 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Boron – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Boron is 1.02 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Boron is 50.2 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Boron is 508 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Boron – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Boron

Electrical resistivity of Boron is ~E15 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Boron conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Boron

Magnetic susceptibility of Boron is −6.7e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Boron in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Beryllium

Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust. The commercial use of beryllium requires the use of appropriate dust control equipment and industrial controls at all times because of the toxicity of inhaled beryllium-containing dusts that can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease in some people called berylliosis. Beryllium has a large scattering cross section for high-energy neutrons, about 6 barns for energies above approximately 10 keV. Therefore, it works as a neutron reflector and neutron moderator, effectively slowing the neutrons to the thermal energy. Since berylium has very low threshold energy for neutron emission, it can be used as a neutron source in nuclear reactors. The Sb-Be source is based on (γ,n) reaction (i.e. it emits photoneutrons).

Summary

Element	Beryllium
Atomic number	4
Element category	Alkaline Earth Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	1.848 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	345 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	287 GPa
Mohs Scale	5.5
Brinell Hardness	600 MPa
Vickers Hardness	1670 MPa
Melting Point	1278 °C
Boiling Point	2469 °C
Thermal Conductivity	200 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	11.3 µm/mK
Specific Heat	1.82 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	12.2 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	292.4 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	36
Magnetic Susceptibility	−9.0e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Beryllium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Beryllium were at around 5300 $/kg.

Beryllium content on earth’s crust is 2.6 ppm. It is one of the most toxic elements, hence causes damage to human lungs and other organisms. It is found in as many as 30 different minerals. Beryllium is most commonly extracted from the mineral beryl, which is either sintered using an extraction agent or melted into a soluble mixture. The sintering process involves mixing beryl with sodium fluorosilicate and soda at 770 °C (1,420 °F) to form sodium fluoroberyllate, aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide. Beryllium can also be readily recycled from scrap alloys. However, the quantity of recycled materials is variable and limited due to its use in dispersive technologies, such as electronics.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Beryllium

Strength of Beryllium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Beryllium

Ultimate tensile strength of Beryllium is 345 MPa.

Yield Strength of Beryllium

Yield strength of Beryllium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Beryllium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Beryllium is 287 GPa.

Hardness of Beryllium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Beryllium is approximately 600 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Beryllium is approximately 1670 MPa.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Beryllium is has a hardness of approximately 5.5.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Beryllium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Beryllium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Beryllium

Thermal Properties of Beryllium

Beryllium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Beryllium is 1278°C.

Boiling point of Beryllium is 2469°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Beryllium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Beryllium is 200 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Beryllium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Beryllium is 11.3 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Beryllium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Beryllium is 1.82 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Beryllium is 12.2 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Beryllium is 292.4 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Beryllium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium

Electrical resistivity of Beryllium is 36 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Beryllium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Beryllium

Magnetic susceptibility of Beryllium is −9.0e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Beryllium in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Lithium

It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and is stored in mineral oil.

Summary

Element	Lithium
Atomic number	3
Element category	Alkali Metal
Phase at STP	Solid
Density	0.535 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	1.5 MPa
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	4.9 GPa
Mohs Scale	0.6
Brinell Hardness	5 MPa
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	180.5 °C
Boiling Point	1342 °C
Thermal Conductivity	85 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	46 µm/mK
Specific Heat	3.6 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	3 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	145.92 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	92.8
Magnetic Susceptibility	+14.2e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Lithium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Lithium were at around 270 $/kg.

Lithium production has greatly increased since the end of World War II. Lithium is present in a number of different minerals, but for those who deal with its commercial extraction, there are really only a few that are of interest. The metal is separated from other elements in igneous minerals. The metal is produced through electrolysis from a mixture of fused 55% lithium chloride and 45% potassium chloride at about 450 °C. As of 2015, most of the world’s lithium production is in South America, where lithium-containing brine is extracted from underground pools and concentrated by solar evaporation. The standard extraction technique is to evaporate water from brine. Depending on the climate and weather in the region of the brine deposit, lithium concentration can take a few months to a year. Typically, lithium concentrations range between 1 and 2%.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Lithium

Strength of Lithium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Lithium

Ultimate tensile strength of Lithium is 1.5 MPa.

Yield Strength of Lithium

Yield strength of Lithium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Lithium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Lithium is 4.9 GPa.

Hardness of Lithium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Lithium is approximately 5 MPa.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Lithium is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Lithium is has a hardness of approximately 0.6.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Lithium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Lithium is body-centered cubic structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Lithium

Thermal Properties of Lithium

Lithium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Lithium is 180.5°C.

Boiling point of Lithium is 1342°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Lithium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Lithium is 85 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Lithium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Lithium is 46 µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Lithium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Lithium is 3.6 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Lithium is 3 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Lithium is 145.92 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Lithium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Lithium

Electrical resistivity of Lithium is 92.8 nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Lithium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Lithium

Magnetic susceptibility of Lithium is +14.2e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Lithium in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Helium

It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements.

Summary

Element	Helium
Atomic number	2
Element category	Noble Gas
Phase at STP	Gas
Density	0.00018 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	-272.2 °C
Boiling Point	-268.9 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1513 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	5.193 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.0138 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.0845 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	—
Magnetic Susceptibility	−1.88e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Helium

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Helium were at around 52 $/kg.

For large-scale use, helium is extracted by fractional distillation from natural gas, which can contain as much as 7% helium. Natural gas contains methane and other hydrocarbons, which are the principal sources of heat energy when natural gas is burned. There are several methods used to upgrade natural gas. When the gas contains more than about 0.4% helium by volume, a cryogenic distillation method is often used in order to recover the helium content. Once the helium has been separated from the natural gas, it undergoes further refining to bring it to 99.99+% purity for commercial use.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Helium

Strength of Helium

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins.

See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Helium

Ultimate tensile strength of Helium is N/A.

Yield Strength of Helium

Yield strength of Helium is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Helium

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Helium is N/A.

Hardness of Helium

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested.

Brinell hardness of Helium is approximately N/A.

The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work.

Vickers hardness of Helium is approximately N/A.

Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.

Helium is has a hardness of approximately N/A.

See also: Hardness of Materials

Helium – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Helium is hexagonal close-packed structure.

In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.

See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Helium

Thermal Properties of Helium

Helium – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Helium is -272.2°C.

Boiling point of Helium is -268.9°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Helium – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Helium is 0.1513 W/(m·K).

The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Helium

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Helium is — µm/(m·K)

Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Helium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Helium is 5.193 J/g K.

Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.

Latent Heat of Fusion of Helium is 0.0138 kJ/mol.

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Helium is 0.0845 kJ/mol.

Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Helium – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors.

See also: Electrical Properties

Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.

See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Helium

Electrical resistivity of Helium is — nΩ⋅m.

Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Helium conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Helium

Magnetic susceptibility of Helium is −1.88e-6 cm^3/mol.

In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Helium in response to an applied magnetic field.

About Hydrogen

With a standard atomic weight of circa 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.

Summary

Element	Hydrogen
Atomic number	1
Element category	Non Metal
Phase at STP	Gas
Density	0.00009 g/cm3
Ultimate Tensile Strength	N/A
Yield Strength	N/A
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity	N/A
Mohs Scale	N/A
Brinell Hardness	N/A
Vickers Hardness	N/A
Melting Point	-259.1 °C
Boiling Point	-252.9 °C
Thermal Conductivity	0.1805 W/mK
Thermal Expansion Coefficient	— µm/mK
Specific Heat	14.304 J/g K
Heat of Fusion	0.05868 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization	0.44936 kJ/mol
Electrical resistivity [nanoOhm meter]	—
Magnetic Susceptibility	−3.98e-6 cm^3/mol

Production and Price of Hydrogen

Raw materials prices change daily. They are primarily driven by supply, demand and energy prices. In 2019, prices of pure Hydrogen were at around 120 $/kg. Hydrogen is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories, often as a by-product of other reactions. In industry, hydrogen is often produced using natural gas, which involves the removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons at very high temperatures, with about 95% of hydrogen production coming from steam reforming around year 2000.

Source: www.luciteria.com

Mechanical Properties of Hydrogen

Strength of Hydrogen

In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. In designing structures and machines, it is important to consider these factors, in order that the material selected will have adequate strength to resist applied loads or forces and retain its original shape. Strength of a material is its ability to withstand this applied load without failure or plastic deformation. For tensile stress, the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate is known as ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. See also: Strength of Materials

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Hydrogen

Ultimate tensile strength of Hydrogen is N/A.

Yield Strength of Hydrogen

Yield strength of Hydrogen is N/A.

Modulus of Elasticity of Hydrogen

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Hydrogen is N/A.

Hardness of Hydrogen

In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation) and scratching. Brinell hardness test is one of indentation hardness tests, that has been developed for hardness testing. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested. Brinell hardness of Hydrogen is approximately N/A. The Vickers hardness test method was developed by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers hardness test method can be also used as a microhardness test method, which is mostly used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth work. Vickers hardness of Hydrogen is approximately N/A. Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The most common scale for this qualitative test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly. Hydrogen is has a hardness of approximately N/A. See also: Hardness of Materials

Hydrogen – Crystal Structure

A possible crystal structure of Hydrogen is hexagonal structure. In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc.), and shape. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices. See also: Crystal Structure of Materials

Crystal Structure of Hydrogen

Thermal Properties of Hydrogen

Hydrogen – Melting Point and Boiling Point

Melting point of Hydrogen is -259.1°C.

Boiling point of Hydrogen is -252.9°C.

Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.

Hydrogen – Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of Hydrogen is 0.1805 W/(m·K). The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Hydrogen

Linear thermal expansion coefficient of Hydrogen is — µm/(m·K) Thermal expansion is generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.

Hydrogen – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization

Specific heat of Hydrogen is 14.304 J/g K. Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. Heat capacity C has the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample. Latent Heat of Fusion of Hydrogen is 0.05868 kJ/mol. Latent Heat of Vaporization of Hydrogen is 0.44936 kJ/mol. Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (the pΔV work). When latent heat is added, no temperature change occurs. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Hydrogen – Electrical Resistivity – Magnetic Susceptibility

Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. One of the principal characteristics of materials is their ability (or lack of ability) to conduct electrical current. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors. See also: Electrical Properties Magnetic property refers to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. The macroscopic magnetic properties of a material are a consequence of interactions between an external magnetic field and the magnetic dipole moments of the constituent atoms. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently. See also: Magnetic Properties

Electrical Resistivity of Hydrogen

Electrical resistivity of Hydrogen is — nΩ⋅m. Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Hydrogen conducts the flow of electric current. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Hydrogen

Magnetic susceptibility of Hydrogen is −3.98e-6 cm^3/mol. In electromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility is the measure of the magnetization of a substance. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Hydrogen in response to an applied magnetic field.